Universal Soldier Free Essays

As an undergrad in the mid 1960s Buffy Sainte-Marie got known as an essayist of dissent melodies and love tunes. Yet, obscure to a large portion of the standard open, she was that being said investing as much energy around the drum at a little Indian hold in Canada as she was before a receiver on the show phases of the world. Having composed â€Å"Universal Soldier†, one of the songs of praise of the 60s harmony development, she was in any case missing from the enormous mass dissent walks, for revealing her insight into Indian rights and ecological issues, which she despite everything does today. We will compose a custom exposition test on General Soldier or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Examination of the melody Universal Soldier Five foot two and six foot four were the stature boundaries for troopers in 1961. Battling with rockets and with lances represent the future and the past, officers are warriors: just the hardware is extraordinary. The ages 17 to 31 were age boundaries to be an officer during the 1960s and troopers have been around for quite a long time. Troopers are likewise strict individuals and not limited to only one religion and however religion prohibits it, he decides to be an executioner. Regardless of what side he’s on, it’s still preposterous. Troopers are from some distant adversary nation as well as from â€Å"our† nation also imagining that battling will end all battling. Officers are on all sides utilizing savagery as a demonstration of harmony having a duty ignored for humankind. Troopers gain nothing from history so don't see evident results of rehashing it. We can’t accuse only the pioneers and every individual has a decision. We are for the most part mindful †regular people, voters and officers. Step by step instructions to refer to Universal Soldier, Papers

Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa Essay -- Health Disorders Weight Lo

Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa What is anorexia? Anorexia nervosa is a dietary problem that comprises of self-managed food limitation in which the individual takes a stab at slenderness and furthermore includes contortion of the manner in which the individual sees their own body. An anorexic individual weighs under 85% of their optimal body weight. The commonness of dietary issues is between .5-1% of ladies matured 15-40 and around 1/20 of this number happens in men. Anorexia influences all parts of an influenced individual's life including passionate wellbeing, physical wellbeing, and associations with others (Shekter-Wolfson et al 5-6). An examination finished in 1996 indicated that anorexics additionally will in general have qualities that are fanatical in nature and convey overwhelming passionate dependence on others (Herpertz-Dahlmann et al 461). Reliance, self-coordinated antagonistic vibe, and confidence didn't relate profoundly with anorexia nervosa as accepted (Rogers and Petrie 138). What's more, anorexics will in general require consistent hospitalization which bring about close to home and orderly expenses (Shekter-Wolfson et al 6-7). Techniques for Clinical Assessment All together for an individual to be determined to have anorexia nervosa, they should have the two basic mental side effects of the drive for slenderness and the self-perception mutilation issue. As indicated by the DSM-IV, anorexics are arranged into two classifications, limiting and pigging out/cleansing sorts. Another evaluation gadget is the Eating Attitudes Test and the Eating Disorders Inventory. The assessment of an influenced individual ought to be multidimensional and far reaching due to the seriousness of this issue (Shekter-Wolfson et al 10). After this has occurred, a conventional meeting with the customer is led. This meeting comprises... ...9: 101-105. Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Wewetzer, C., Hennighausen, K., and Remschmidt, H. (1996). Result, Psychosocial Functioning, and Prognostic Factors in Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa as Determined by Prospective Follow-up Assessment. Diary of Youth and Adolescence. 25: 455-465. Rogers, Rebecca L., and Petrie, Trent A. (1996). Character Correlates of Anorexic Symptomatology in Female Undergraduates. Diary of Counseling and Development. 75: 138-141. Shekter-Wolfson, Lorie F., Woodside, D. Blake, and Lackstrom, Jan D. (1997). Social Work Treatment of Anorexia and Bulimia: Guidelines for Practice. Research on Social Work Practice. 7: 5-20. White, Mark B. (1997). How Good is Family Therapy? A Reassessment. Diary of Marital and Family Therapy. 23: 93-94. Yager, Joel (1994). Psychosocial Treatments for Eating Disorders. Psychiatry. 57: 153-168.

Paper Writing Instruments For Children

Paper Writing Instruments For ChildrenWhether you are a child, teenager or an adult, you will most likely find yourself in the situation of needing paper writing and the word. The best writing instruments are not always the most durable or long lasting, however, these notations are for your convenience.Before the invention of pens, pencils and erasers, it was the eras of hand writing and markers that was the easiest to work with for children and teenagers, and they relied on clear acrylic crayons, colored pencils and marker pens to accomplish their work. These pieces of apparatus for the job were easy to transport, versatile and also most importantly inexpensive.The best paper writing instruments for children are not necessarily the best writing instruments for adults. Children learn a new word, a new concept or an idea with each individual experience. You may take them to a play or movie, but that does not mean you should write an essay about it.Often, what they need is to write dow n a new phrase and then find it again when they go to try and write it down. At this point the idea may be fresh and therefore worth pursuing and writing down. You might be surprised at how many people need to write down a new word every day.Using a postage stamp for your letter's explanation is a great option for children. The envelopes that contain your letters should have this option. The stamps can easily be removed and also can be used over again until the appropriate occasion presents itself.When you think about it, the basic designs of most crayons and pens are all made of the same material. Whether it is a dot, line or gradient, the process is very similar. The coloring process is based on whether you are working with pencils or pens.Thereare pens that allow you to customize the amount of red, blue or green in your color. Or if you want the ink to take on a different shade, you can also do this. This is important for individuals who will be coloring in a black and white draw ing for a school project.The final alternative for children and teenagers is to use a coloring book with a grid or an outline of what they want to draw. This way they can start with their lines first and then they can move onto the colors as they feel the need to do so. The important thing to remember is that whatever paper writing instruments you choose, it should be able to withstand the daily use and abuse that it will face.

Research Proposal on Do People Who Take Vitamins Recover Faster From the Flu

Do people who take vitamins recover faster from the flu and produce a more significant immune response? Flu, also commonly known as influenza or Grippe, is a virus disease that attacks by infecting the respiratory system, nervous or gastrointestinal system (stomach flu). Rarely fatal, it often opens the door to Pneumonia, Eye and Ear infections and Brian inflammation that do threaten life.   Common colds are usually confused with Influenza, in view of both these ailments attacking the upper respiratory system and showing similar symptoms. In fact they are both caused by different viruses. The worst catastrophe was a devastating world-wide epidemic (pandemic) of Influenza stuck during the summer-winter of 1918 taking the total death toll to about 10 million which included a half-million in the United States of America alone. Actually Influenza virus is around, most of the time harbored by many human beings. They indeed fall ill when their resistance is lowered. Epidemics begin when circumstances to the spread of Flu virus are favorable. There are 3 types of Flu virus.   They are A, B and C.   A type of flu is the most severe and sometimes fatal among these, usually affects the adults. Individuals that are healthy, seldom need diagnosis by a physician, unless of course, he has been haunted by the Flu for over few weeks or the disease itself is very severe in attack. Usually in a strong immune system the Flu weans away after a few days or weeks, leaving no traces. But when a person’s defense system of the body or the immune system is weakened, the flue takes over and complicates the body’s condition. In such situations, the healthcare professionals or the physicians advise complete bed–rest, with adequate intake of fluids, supplemented by good nutritious food for a speedy recovery in order to prevent dehydrated conditions. â€Å"Feed† the cold and â€Å"fast† the fever. The big question here is, whether proper diet taken along with medicines is sufficient for cure and relief from Flu. There is an argument that adequate intake of vitamins on the other hand is very useful for a faster recovery from flu and contributes to significant immune response. Harri Hemila, an author-professor affirms that it does not make any sense to administer vitamin C on every single day hoping for reducing the chances of getting afflicted with Flu and cold. However, using vitamin C is justifiable if the person already contracted with cold and flu or physical stresses. But then, this theory also needs more research to confirm these results. According to Catherine Collins, a registered dietician at the British Dietetic Association, the optimum intake of vitamin C, per day, should be 200 mg which indeed helps the immune system in a Flu-affected person. She claims that this could also be obtained from out of vegetables and fruits, adequately eaten every single day and that any over dose of vitamin C does not get absorbed into the body but will be removed. Mrs. Collins further stated that, although the vitamin C is useful for white blood cells for fighting the infections, no proper evidence is available suggesting that vitamin C could be useful as a preventive for Flu and cold. Mrs. Collins further avers that it might sound feasible, biologically, to most that since vitamin C helps strengthen the immune system, it also prevents any illness from occurring, and that there is no conclusive proof to that thought. Vitamin C is needed for a healthy immune system but then, one could always get it out of fruits and vegetables that he eats in the regular diet in order to derive the benefit of getting other important nutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber. It is reiterated that no scientifically supported evidence is available for the theory that consuming large doses of vitamin C could be effective in preventing or reducing the symptoms of Flu. Nevertheless, the intake of dietary supplements ensures getting adequate vitamin C on any day on which sufficient fruits and vegetables are not consumed. Vitamin E taken orally could have a protective effect against the Flu (which infects the upper respiratory tract). The intake of vitamin E is to be cautiously administered in view of possibility of certain adverse effects like increased bleeding and drug interactions. Pregnant and Breast-feeding women should take vitamin C only under the supervision of a doctor. Ascorbic acid or Vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin, is quite necessary for the body in the formation of collagen in bones, cartilage, muscle and blood vessels and   Ã‚   helps absorption of iron. Although the scientific research generally indicates that vitamin C does not help prevent the Flu symptoms, there is a school of thought amongst the people that live in certain extreme conditions or circumstances (like Soldiers, Marathon runners and skiers) run a reduced risk of contracting with Flu by about 50%, reportedly. However this warrants an additional study. It is observed that consumption of large doses of vitamin C could lead to diarrhea, gastrointestinal upset and vaginal yeast infections in sensitive women population. It is recommended that in spite of taking the Flu vaccine, vitamin C and vitamin D should be taken in high dosage, since these health supplements have been proved to be effective in the prevention and treatment of Flu. An extremely important vitamin that is quite effective in post Flu regimen is vitamin A, because the Flu virus reduces the vitamin A levels that are stored in the body. However, an expert health professionals advice should be sought when the Flu-affected person is required to take vitamin A over a long period of time in non-mycelized form, since this can be potentially toxic. Because mycelized A, is a form of vitamin A, taken in high dosage for short duration is remarkably effective. According to a study published in October, 1999 ( ref: journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics ), 1000 mg of vitamin C and Ascorbic acid taken, had a significant effect in reducing Flu symptoms in comparison with the usage of pain relievers and decongestants. Study by Gorton HC and Jarvis k with an enlistment of 463 students between ages 18 and 30 as controls and 252 students belonging to the same age group as test subjects; has shown a remarkable result. The test subjects in 1991 were compared with controls in 1990 for similar symptoms of Flu and cold. While the controls were treated with pain relievers and decongestants, the subjects were administered with 1000 mg of vitamin C every hour for first six hours of reporting of symptoms of Flu; followed-up by three doses per day, for the next three days. Very significantly enough, the research showed that the reported Flu and cold symptoms decreased by 85% in the Test Group compared with the control group. In conclusion, it is largely suggested by many a study group and research that intake of vitamins as supplements will only contribute to the building-up of resistance levels in the body to withstand the flue but does not build-up any immune system, as is generally assumed by the public. Vitamins do help the immune system but might not act as preventive or curative agents. The recovery from flu could be accelerated due to boost of resistance level in the body by the vitamins.   Mega doses of vitamin C intake in both pre and post flu symptoms relieved and prevented the flu condition.

About the Extension of University Education Act, 1959

The Extension of University Education Act, no. 45 of 1949, segregated South African universities by both race and ethnicity.  This meant that the law not only decreed that â€Å"white† universities were closed to black students, but also that the universities that were open to black students be segregated by ethnicity.  This meant that only Zulu students, for instance, were to attend the University of Zululand, while the University of the North, to take another example, was formerly restricted to Sotho students. The Act was another piece of Apartheid legislation, and it augmented the 1953 Bantu Education Act. The Extension of University Education Act was repealed by Tertiary Education Act of 1988. Protests and Resistance There was widespread protests against the Extension of Education Act. In Parliament, the United Party—the minority party under Apartheid—protested its passage. Many university professors also signed petitions protesting the new law and other racist legislation aimed at higher education. Non-white students also protested the act, issuing statements and marching against the Act. There was also international condemnation of the Act. Bantu Education and the Decline of Opportunity South African universities that taught in the Afrikaans languages had already limited their student bodies to white students, so the immediate impact was to prevent non-white students from attending the Universities of Cape Town, Witswatersrand, and Natal, which had formerly been comparatively open in their admissions. All three had multi-racial student bodies, but there were divisions within the colleges. The University of Natal, for instance, segregated its classes, while the University of Witswatersrand and University of Cape Town had color bars in place for social events. The Extension of Education Act closed these universities. There was also an impact on the education students received at universities that had previously been unofficially â€Å"non-white† institutions. The University of Fort Hare had long argued tat all students, regardless of color, deserved an equally excellent education, and it was an internationally prestigious university for African students. Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and Robert Mugabe were among its graduates, but after the passage of the Extension of University Education Act, the government took over the University of Fort Hare and designated it an institution for Xhosa students.  After that, the quality of education declined precipitously as these universities were forced to provide the purposely inferior Bantu Education. University Autonomy The most significant impacts were on non-white students, but the law also reduced the autonomy for South African universities by taking away their right to decide who to admit to their schools. The government also replaced University administrators with people who were seen as being more inline with Apartheid sentiments, and professors who protested the new legislation also lost their jobs.   Indirect Impacts The declining quality of education for non-whites, of course, had much broader implications. The training for non-white teachers, for instance, was distinctly inferior to that of white teachers, which impacted the education of non-white students. That said, there were so few non-white teachers with university degrees in Apartheid South Africa, that the quality of higher education was something of a moot point for secondary teachers. The lack of educational opportunities and of university autonomy also limited the educational possibilities and scholarship under Apartheid. Sources Mangcu, Xolela. Biko: A Life. (I.B. Tauris, 2014), 116-117. Cutton, Merle. â€Å"Natal University and the Question of Autonomy, 1959-1962.† Gandhi-Luthuli Documentation Centre. Bachelor of Arts Honors Thesis, Department of Natal, Durban, 1987. â€Å"History,† University of Fort Hare, (Accessed 31 January 2016)

Managers Need to Know how to Budget - 1862 Words

Knowing about finance can help managers and leadership significantly because it allows them to understand the needs for budgeting. This revolves around income statements, balance sheets, cost of goods and earning statements. I have learned more information on how budgeting, if done correctly, can help reduce debt significantly. Knowing the important functions and goals of financial management can help organization thrive because their leadership and department managers understand the issues that can arise from not knowing the importance of goal settings. Making finance decisions can break or make a company because it allows the organization the ability to be able to analyze the impact of various financial decisions. This includes financial planning, which is put in place to help organizations to overcome obstacles and challenges through strategic financial decision making techuqies. A few factors that should be looked at are business-side focus, funding sources and operating surplus, which will be briefly explained in the paragraphs to come. Managing operational budgets have two main factors that must be looked at to make sure the organization is kept running efficiently and effectively. These factors are known as compound and contents of an operating budget plan. Capital budgeting will be briefly discussed below as well. I will also be reflecting on what I have learned throughout this course by explaining roles of ethics and professional responsibility. First financialShow MoreRelatedThe Cost Of The Sales Revenues For The Coming Year1447 Words   |  6 Pagesacceptable level of profit. 3. This budget for the whole company s cost is then broken down by division, department or by cost centre. 4. The budget may then be broken down further so that each manager has a budget and therefore some spending power. 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The operating budget is part of the companysRead MoreTotal Cost Of The Project Costs1499 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom VAC (If there is a shortfall, please explain how the remaining funds will be secured.) $700.00 List specific project costs/items to be paid for by VAC funding Costs To Be Paid for VAC Amount Salaries $150.00 Administrative costs of project $50.00 Translation $125.00 Equipment rental cost $200.00 Rental of sound system $200.00 Total Funding Requested (C) $725.00 The other samples that is also similar with this one is : 1. Simple Project Budget Youth-led Research on Civic Engagement Grant CandidateRead MoreBudgeting Is The Most Important Parts Of The Project Planning Process1013 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant parts of the project planning process. Projects that come in at or under budget when completed depends on it. Poor planning will lead to budget crisis - where the project could end up costing double or triple times the budget and delay the opening of a facility or business by that same token; time is money. As Dr. Pace mentions, had the planners of the Irwin Army Community Hospital paid attention to the budget planning, the sponsor might have realized the short comings of that project (G.Read MoreA Traditional Budgeting Approach : Incremental Budgeting Method1625 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod, so it may cause an unnecessary expenditure. The deficiency of incremental budget has been improved to some extent by fixed budget. A fixed budget is a financial plan that remains unchanging, irrespective of the levels of activity (Wouters, Selto, and Hilton, 2012). The Admi nistrator provides fixed targets and allocates them to the suitable organization unit or individual in an independent mode. Fixed Budget is suitable for the business where there are less opportunities of fluctuations inRead MoreHow Do We Get Project Managers At Think Beyond Basic Project Goals?1629 Words   |  7 PagesHow do we get project managers to think beyond basic project goals? By remembering that creative assignments are a set of accomplishments beyond being on-time and on-budget. One of the reasons why I hesitate on the traffic manager approach to managing creativity, is that if you ask any traffic manager (and albeit many project managers) what determines a project s success, you are going to hear the single repetitive mantra of being on-time and on-budget. Traffic managers are good at gettingRead MorePrepare and Monitor Budget949 Words   |  4 PagesElement 1 Prepare Budget Information Research Assignment. 1. Mountain View Hotel organisational chart, profit or cost center and people who are involved in the budget committee. 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Information Technology and Computer Science †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology and Computer Science. Answer: History of Software Licensing Till the year of 1980 there were less number of licensing strategy beyond the purchase and selling of software program hoping the fact that it would not be copied anymore (Ito, 2012). Previously some methods of protection were developed in which programs were written into disk which were hard to copy (Schwalbe, 2015). Later on flexible methods were developed which needs hardware USB dongles which contain licensing information and after that it put into the user system and can be easily detected by various system software before it comes into action. Free source license is a software from which various source codes can be easily released. It actually relates to the method of creation of software by making use of one or many programming based language. Free source software was developed in such a way that it can help a large number of users. Propriety software generally consist of software which is licensed by various copyright holders. Various users are allowed to use software but they are not allowed to make any changes. Proprietary software is also known as closed source software in which original source code for any software is not available. History of Information Technology Information technology has been around for a very long period of time. People has been around information technology because of the method of communication which is available at a given point of time (Bently Sherman, 2014). There have been four main stages which has been divided the whole information technology which are premechanical, mechanical, electromechanical and electronic. In present day IT has played an important role in integration of various plans of an organization. It is used in wide number of sectors like communication, inventory management, data management, management of information system, management of customer relationship and many other things. Intellectual Property Intellectual property in general refers to creation or building up of minds, invention and artistic works which consist of symbols, names and images. There are generally two types of intellectual property which are industrial property and copyright (Coeckelbergh, 2013). Various organizations round the globe have made use of their intellectual property for making use of their privacy, signal and protection time and date for the protection of clients on cyberspace. Ethics of information technology Ethics is a method which consist of various moral principles. It ultimately affects the way how people take decision in a situation and lead their lives. The world is adopting new technologies as the need of ethics which is used for proper growth of it. Information technology gets it recognition after the proper launch of various office for various system. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that software licensing has played a key role in buying and selling various software programs. Role and importance of free source license has been discussed in brief. After that the history of information technology has been discussed in details. Concepts related to intellectual property and the ethics of information technology has also been described. References Bently, L., Sherman, B. (2014).Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Coeckelbergh, M. (2013). Drones, information technology, and distance: mapping the moral epistemology of remote fighting.Ethics and information technology,15(2), 87-98. Ito, M. (2012).Engineering play: A cultural history of children's software. MIT Press. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.

McDonalds Success

Table of Contents Introduction Business-level strategy Corporate-level strategy Competitive environment Slow-cycle and fast-cycle markets Conclusion Reference List Introduction McDonald’s is one of the most successful corporations worldwide. This fast food restaurants chain includes more than 30,000 restaurants which serve to around 70 million people in all parts of the globe (2012 annual report, 2013). The corporation’s revenues are more than $27 billion and the growth is steady as the revenues increase each year (2012 annual report, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on McDonald’s Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also necessary to note that the company was once a family owned business operating in one US state. At present, this is a publicly traded corporation which is operating in 118 countries (Williams, 2010). This success suggests that the company has impleme nted effective strategies at different levels, which enables it to be the leader of the market even though its major competitors have also achieved a lot. Business-level strategy Business-level strategies focus on the company’s relationship with its customers (and potential customers) and its competitors. When it comes to a corporation, business-level strategies are used to address the needs of customers in specific markets, countries, areas (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). One of the major strategies at the business level is development of proper relationships with customers. Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2012) note that it can be effective for a business to employ the strategy at three different levels, i.e. reach, richness and affiliation dimensions. This approach helps develop proper relationships with existing and potential customers. Hence, the reach dimension is concerned with developing strategies to access and connect to customers. At this dimension, the company can focus on introducing new services to customers. Clearly, the company should continuously monitor the needs of its existing and especially its potential customers. It is essential to understand who these customers are and what they are seeking for. It is also important to understand how to let them hear the message. Introduction of new services will attract new customers. Admittedly, each market and each area needs a unique approach and numerous characteristic features of people living in this or that region should be taken into account. The richness dimension dwells upon the degree to which connection between the company and the customer can develop. In other words, this is about the information flow between the customer and the company. This dimension also involves monitoring and research.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company should make sure that customersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ ideas can be heard and brought to reality. The use of social networking can be a good tool to make it possible as customers can share their ideas and address the company at any time. The affiliation dimension is concerned with developing customers’ loyalty. Thus, it is crucial to make sure that customers’ aspirations are met. The two dimensions mentioned above focus on acquiring information and developing strategies to meet customers’ needs, whereas the third dimension is about control over implementation of the strategies utilized. The use of this three-dimension strategy will ensure long-term success of the company as loyalty of existing customers and attraction of new customers will enable the corporation to remain competitive. Corporate-level strategy At this level, the company should focus on numerous issues related to the development of the company as a whole unit. Thus, it should focus on the level of diversification, allocation of resources, poss ible cooperation with other companies (Hill Jones, 2012). These issues require special attention as they define the way the corporation will develop. It is also important to note that the corporation has to take into account its shareholders’ views at this level. Any corporation gives certain rights to its shareholders and the latter can affect the way the company develops. It is possible to work out an effective corporate-level strategy for McDonald’s. As far as diversification is concerned, the company should focus on regional features to win customers’ loyalty. Admittedly, the company has been associated with the American way of life. The company has attempted to change this image though it still persists. However, in the contemporary globalized world, this image can negatively affect the company’s development. Therefore, the corporation should work on development of a new image of a global fast food restaurant chain which meets requirements of the co ntemporary customer.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on McDonald’s Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The message to articulate worldwide is that the company enables people to eat fast, healthy and cheap food. Obviously, it is essential to pay special attention to regional peculiarities as each country has its own vision of healthy and fast eating. Allocation of funds is also of paramount importance for McDonald’s. Acquisition of real estate, development of new products, marketing and research require sufficient funding. Some companies try to reduce their expenditures limiting their research. This is counterproductive as profound research helps companies understand recent trends and work out appropriate strategies to address issues they face. These strategies will help the corporation maintain its leading position in the market as they will ensure the corporation’s development. C ompetitive environment The most significant competitor of McDonald’s is Burger King, which is a global corporation, operating in 79 countries. The food served in the restaurants of both corporations is quite similar as McDonald’s and Burger King specialize on hamburgers and serving fast food. It is necessary to note that the strategies employed are quite similar at all levels, though Burger King is less successful due to a number of mistakes. Clearly, effective corporate-level strategies are crucial for any corporation. McDonald’s has managed to develop consistent franchising policies which enable its franchisees to run their business successfully. More so, McDonald’s operates about 15% of its restaurants in the USA, and this rate increases when it comes to units in other countries (Williams, 2010). Therefore, it is possible to note that the control over management is quite significant. In other words, the corporation makes sure that restaurants follow th e necessary regulations accepted in this or that area. At the same time, Burger King has failed to build proper relations with its franchisees. The corporations’ policies concerning franchisees are not consistent and franchisees often deviate from certain norms.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some aspects of cooperation between franchisees and the company are not properly highlighted in agreements, which also led to several legal issues (Williams, 2010). However, relations with franchisees are not the only flaw in the corporate-level strategies utilized by Burger King. Burger King’s expansion policies are also less effective than those employed by McDonald’s. Thus, McDonald’s is seen as a symbol of globalization (Williams, 2010). Burger King lags behind. The corporation is often accused of paying little attention to regional peculiarities even though the corporation is open to novelties. For instance, in Germany they sell beer and in the Middle East they offer kosher food (Smith Kraig, 2013). Nevertheless, people often claim that Burger King is still seen as an alien chain with no specific message or set of values (Williams, 2010). Though McDonald’s is still regarded as a restaurant symbolizing American ways of life, it is now more associated with globalization and modernity. Thus, McDonald’s has proved to be a more successful company in this area. Admittedly, the flaws of corporate-level strategies also lead to inefficient business-level strategies. Inconsistent corporate-level strategies are also associated with inconsistent business-level strategies as franchisees can be run poorly due to lack of knowledge and proper management. Franchisees can often fail to follow certain standards and this leads to poor quality of service and, as a result, customers choose other fast food chains. Furthermore, inability to understand the needs of customers living in this or that area also results in customer’s lack of loyalty. It is necessary to note that McDonald’s has more chances to be out of its competitors’ reach in the long run as the corporation employs efficient strategies which help the company develop and meet needs of the contemporary markets and its customers. Burger King may lose more points in the long run as their policies are often ineffective. There is lack of control and lack of development. Hence, McDonald’s is likely to be more successful in the long run. Slow-cycle and fast-cycle markets Noteworthy, evaluation of the two corporations’ success can differ in slow-circle and fast-circle markets. In a slow-circle market, where change occurs quite rarely, Burger King could be quite successful. The corporation has had a constant growth for decades. It was successful in the middle of the twentieth century. Of course, it is hard to say whether McDonald’s would be less or more successful than Burger King. The chances of the two corporations could be equal for a slow-circle market as they offer similar products and services. However, when it comes to a fast-circle market, McDonald’s is a leader exploiting successful strategies. The fast-circle market is characterized by changeability. At that, such markets change quite fast. For instance, the c ontemporary hospitality market can be seen as a highly competitive and changeable market as technological advances bring a lot of changes. Thus, new services are offered, new types of advertising is being used. Clearly, hospitality market is not as changeable as the market of mobile phones, but companies should try to keep up. McDonald’s successfully implements numerous changes, while Burger King is less successful in this respect. Thus, McDonald’s is often the first one to introduce new services while Burger King only responds to these novelties introducing similar products, services or strategies (Williams, 2010). Therefore, Burger King could not successfully compete with McDonald’s. At present, it is apparent that Burger King is losing points while McDonald’s is still a leader in this market. Conclusion To sum up, it is possible to note that McDonald’s is a successful corporation that utilizes effective strategies at corporate and business level . Successful implementation of these strategies has enabled the company to become the leader in the sphere. The company’s most significant competitor, Burger King, has inconsistent strategies and fails to implement changes in time. This contributes to the success of McDonald’s. It is necessary to note that the corporation has become a symbol of change, success and modernity, which contributes to its success worldwide. Reference List 2012 annual report. (2013). Retrieved from http://corporate.mcdonalds.com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/Investor%202013/2012%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdf Hill, C., Jones, G. (2012). Strategic management theory: An integrated approach. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D., Hoskisson, R. (2012). Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Smith, A., Kraig, B. (2013). The Oxford encyclopedia of food and drink in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Williams, C. (2010). Management . Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. This research paper on McDonald’s Success was written and submitted by user Maria Lane to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sadaksjdka Essays

Sadaksjdka Essays Sadaksjdka Essay Sadaksjdka Essay Accomplishment Report (This accomplishment includes your assessment of the activity conducted. The questions asked per item are just guides. You may look at other dimensions, but please retain the outline). Title of Activity/ Project____________Tree Growing Activity_________________ College/ Unit___________COECS/ENG-107 NSTP 2______________ Date (s) Conducted______________March 1, 2013_____________________ Duration/ No. of hours/days_____February 8 –March 1, 2013 (7:00 10:00 A. M. )____ Total No. of participants__1__ Faculty ____Staff __32_ Students ____ Community . Background ? We have enjoyed the tree planting in the site we replaced the broken tree guards and recycled the broken tree guards to make a new one, we also cleaned the area and remove the tall grasses in the main site. 2. Target Beneficiaries ? The beneficiaries are the people in our community and also us too we can benefit to the trees that we planted as the days pass we will feel the fresh air filtered by the t rees we planted. 3. Objectives ? To enhance environmental conservation and stability ? To conserve the beautiful scenery of our nature To maintain the ecological balance 4. Insights/ Lessons Learned ? We learned that planting good deeds is like planting trees. What we plant, we reap. The mahogany saplings sown will turn into healthy and shady trees, ensuring timber and clean air for all of us. And when we do kindred and selfless acts, we foster brotherhood, and nurture good will among our fellowmen. Moreover, our lives have and will have more meanings. 5. Recommendation ? I wish to have more time for this activity for us to do more things and help the environment. And also we would want to do this activity in other places so we would return the better environment we had ever before. Submitted by:Noted by: ENG-107Mr Frederick Andal Sydney D. Bajenting ENG-101N Ang kabataan noon at ngayon Ang kabataan noon at ngayonay may maliit lamang na puwang sa kanilang pagkakalayo sa kilos, gawi, ugali, pananamit, damdamin at iba pang bagay. Sinasabing ang mga kabataan noon ay higit na magalang, masunurin at mabait di-tulad ng mga kabataan ngayon. Lubhang taimtim sa puso’t isipan nila ang kanilang ginagawa; sa kabilang dako, ang kabataan ngayon ay may mapagwalang-bahalang saloobin. Lalong masinop sa pag-aayos ng katawan at pananamit at lubhang matapat sa pagsunod sa batas ang mga kabataan noon, kaya wika nga, ang kabataan noon ay hubog sa pangaral at kababaang- loob at ang asal ay ipinagmamalaki ng lahat. Kaiba naman ang mga kabataan ngayon. Mulat  sila  sa makabagong panahon kaya higit na maunlad sa pangangatwiran na kung magkaminsan ay napagkakamalang pagwawalang-galang sa kapwa. Lubhang mapangahas sa mga gawin at mahilig sa maraming uri ng paglilibang. Napakatayog ng mga mithiin nila at higit na maunlad ang tunguhin. Marami rin ang magkasimbat at magkasinsipag sa mga kabataan noon at ngayon. Ang kabataan noon at ngayon ay pag-asa ng bayan natin. Kapwa  sila  makabayan, mapagmahal, matulungin sa mga kaangkan at may mga mithiin a  buhay. Ang pagkakaiba ay ayon sa lakad ng panahon. Hindi ba’t mayroon tayong â€Å"Sampung Lider na mga Kabataan† na pinipili taun-taon? Sila  ang saksi sa ating pinakamahuhusay na kabataan noon at ngayon. Yun lamang po at maraming salamat sa inyong paglalaan ng konting oras muli maraming salamat at magandang umaga. Read the original from:  Talumpati: Ang Kabataan Noon at Ngayon  http://thedailyblend. net/talumpati-ang-kabataan-noon-at-ngayon-1729. html#ixzz2Ntf3YM3x   Under Creative Commons License:  Attribution

Strategy Development in the Global Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry Essay

Strategy Development in the Global Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry - Essay Example However, with the passage of time, the company realised that they had to compete with other companies in the global arena. Oil companies such as Exxon were giving Shell a run for their money because they were globally managed. In order to respond to this trend, the company opted to change its corporate governance style. They opted to control almost all their downstream sectors through their headquarters in London and The Hague. (Shell, 2008) Corporate governance within Shell had been carried down from almost a century of its existence. In certain scenarios, some critics have argued that this form of structure has cost the company in a number of ways. This is largely because shareholders in the company do not have as much clout as members of the board. The disadvantage of this structural approach can arise when the shareholders feel that their rights are in danger but can do very little to protect it. Bp has been faced with a number of corporate governance challenges. First and foremost, the company grappled with accusations from critics who claimed that it was doing business with a group that had been responsible for human rights abuses in the Baku Ceyhan pipeline. To add insult onto injury, BP was also faced with huge problems in its pricing strategies. This was especially seen in the United Kingdom. In Colombia, the Company was confronted with a law suit where it had been accused of colluding with terrorists to protect their clients. It lost millions of pounds in paying off that settlement. This goes to show that when companies make miscalculations and fail to implement ethical codes, they are the ones who pay for it through expensive law suits and tarnished images. Business ethics Companies need to have specified code of conduct and ethics principles that will guide their day to day practices. Shell as a company has well written down rules that assist employees in sticking to the company's goals and principles. Some of these codes of conduct include; honesty, trust and integrity. While stakeholders and employees may be well aware of rules, abiding by them is another issue altogether. (Zenobank, 2008) The enormity of this matter came to fore during the 2004 business ethics disaster; at that time, the company announced that twenty percent of all the oil reserves that it claims to have a hold to were overestimated. The revelation of such a matter brought shock waves within the Oil trading sector and even resulted in the company's poor performance. In response to this issue, the company changed its leadership structures. This business dismissed its managing Director - Sir Philip Watts and also changed their management structures. Besides this, the company also responded by providing opportunities for whistle blowers to report any irregularities through an official company website. (Beasnat & Cummins, 2005) BP also has a valid code of ethics and its company purports to a sound code of conduct. However, much like its counterpart Shell, the company seems to have fallen short of these high expectations. An example of how the company did this was when it hired an expensive public relations manager to create an Image of an

Analyzing the development of a web portal within an education setting Essay

Analyzing the development of a web portal within an education setting - Essay Example The purpose of the study The Internet has a profound effect on higher learning, and this effect is likely to develop in the current generation (Becker, 2005). Actually, in some aspects the internet is the current generation of instructors just as personal computers were in the previous generation. As a result, "web knowledge† will gradually become an ordinary tool of the exchange, and instructive web sites will develop to regular additions to classroom events (Becker, 2005). One of the improved ways to remain up to date with the development of education is to come up with a learning web site to present learners with the education syllabus and teaching learning resources (Becker, 2005). One benefit of publishing syllabi, as well as other learning resources on the web is that learners have all the time to access the resources (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). In addition, teachers can put review questions on web pages containing information on class assignments, study tips, gradi ng, among others (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). By printing these resources and information on the site, teachers avoid repetition of questions all through the academic period (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). Therefore, this study aims at analyzing the development of a web portal within an education setting (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002).... Documents presented on the portal areas usually updated in libraries available with current research findings. Finally, simulation of real life is also presented to the learners through the web portal (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). A web portal gives information that is assorted in a combined manner. These are sites of information, which developed during 1990s and in 2000 (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). A web portal operates just like an investigator or explore engine, however, this portal has several features or purpose than the search device itself (Becker, 2005). A web portal, provides information a researcher wants to discover or search, as well as certified web portal. Apart from this, it also provides email internet services, entertainment cites to the users (Cappel and Huang, 2007). This portal can be defined as a website that presents reports together from different sources in an even manner. Normally, every information port acquires its dedicated part on for presenting information. Usually the researcher can figure out which presentation is important to search (Palmer, 2002). Web portals can be classified in to group’s horizontal and vertical web portals. The horizontal portal is usually used in several companies as a platform in economic issues or manufacturing issues. The vertical portal is a specific entry point for markets a given subject or a given interests. Therefore, the horizontal portal covers several areas, while the vertical portal covers specific areas (Pang, et al., 2009). The web portal has the following major functions; search, navigate, provides information or manages content, personalization, push technology, management of tasks, conducts the integration of applications and organizes business infrastructure (Pearson and

Influences on Consumer Behavior for Mobile Phone Choice

Influences on Consumer Behavior for Mobile Phone Choice INTRODUCTION With the passage of time, advents in technology have given new meanings to almost everything around us. Every preconceived notion and idea has been forced to go through a metamorphosis to keep in line with the growing pace of change. This tidal wave of change has surely altered communication drastically. The new advances have led to addition of many new forms which came about as a revolution. The communicative revolution that concerns us is actually the third wave, according to which information can now be transmitted through electronic signals and controlled waves present in the air around us. A mobile phone is an electronic device which is used in two way communication. To make use of a mobile phone, connection to a cellular network is required which is an interconnection of base stations through which signals are transmitted, hence the mobile uses those signals to forge and maintain connection. A user using a mobile phone can make or receive telephone calls to and from other cellular networks and also fixed line phones worldwide. Each mobile phone holds a subscription with a cellular network which then connects it to a mobile network operator and thus lets communication to flow freely. Mobile phones are not used for calls only, especially modern mobile phones. They offer a wide variety of communicative services such as: text messaging sending and receiving emails voicemails accessible through voicemail inbox access to internet MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) interactive games connectivity through Bluetooth and/or USB, infrared music player camera GPS (Global Positioning System) With the influx of countless models of mobiles in the UK market, with minor or significant differences in features, generally they are categorized into two groups. We have feature phones, which are normally characterized as low end mobile phones having less functions, whereas at the other extreme we have Smartphone which are high end phones with sophisticated, computing capabilities. Hence the focus of this report is to discuss a Market Research Study with the aim of providing readers with a comprehensive insight into the factors that influence the consumer behavior when it comes to choosing mobile phones, particularly for UK market. Once the factors have been determined, this report will further shed light on the market research objectives as well as the main purpose and procedure for this proposed market research study. In addition to the aforementioned topics in this report you will also find ample information regarding how to conduct a qualitative and quantitative market research study explaining the finer points in detail. Also a proposed reporting research schedule and timing, fees and credentials will be a part of this report. The reports prime focus will be on the consumer influences because it is these factors that aid the consumer in making a rational choice when given several alternatives to choose from. The consumer would first have to have a need or a problem for the satisfaction of which a product would be required. In this case we have the purchase of a mobile phone. Hence factors influencing consumer behavior in choosing a mobile phone from the different brands will be considered. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES As the main research objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence consumer behavior at the time of choosing a mobile phone brand; hence, the primary research objectives are stated below which have been further subdivided into sub objectives to illustrate the point further. Primary objectives are: Demographic factors Psychographic factors Behavioral factors Following are the sub objectives providing explanation for each of the research studys objectives: Demographic factors: are those factors influencing consumer behavior which are the consumers factors comprising of age, gender, income, occupation, education, religion and nationality. Demographic factors are important as consumers belonging to similar demographics have alike buying patterns. Based on the research study result, researchers would know what brands are favored by the male or female consumers, also depending on the income and occupation which brands would be the choice for consumers. Psychographic factors: comprise of factors that are based on consumers social class, lifestyle and personality traits. A point to be noted is that same demographics may have very different preferences when it comes to psychographic structures. Some brands are chosen over others if they are better at portraying an image which truly reflects the consumers psychographics. Behavioral factors: are specifically related to the buyers habits and their attitudes towards different brands. Basically it comprises of components that tell about the consumers knowledge, attitudes and responses to a product. If the marketer has ample knowledge about these behavioral variables then it makes the research very informative. PURPOSE AND PROCEDURE OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH METHOD AND DESIGN The prime focus of this proposed marketing research method and design is to be able to identify the significant factors that play an important role in influencing consumer behaviour in respect to choosing between different mobile brands, specifically in the UK market. In order to be able to collect genuine and authentic data this research design will incorporate both primary and secondary research study. Elements of the said primary research study will be utilised in the form of both qualitative and quantitative research. The purpose being the determination of various factors that play a key role in influencing consumer behaviour in relation to choosing mobile phone brands. The factors under discussion will be from the broad categories of demographics, psychographics and behavioural. Furthermore, to complement the marketing research study results, a literature review relating to the importance of proper knowledge regarding different consumer influences, consumers preferences and choices, prices and availability of different features such as camera, games, Wi-Fi, and also the notion of brand loyalty. In addition to it, evaluation methods explaining how best to gauge consumer responses will also be augmented in the study. As told earlier, secondary research will be also be implemented, its aim would be to augment information about the patterns of consumer behaviour in the past and also the changes that have taken place recently. All of this information gained will then be considered and used in forming the main purpose and objectives of the proposed research study. For the designing of a questionnaire judging the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the research study, the following questions will be a part of it. The questions are: Which mobile phone brand are you currently using? Would you buy the same brand when buying a new phone in the future? Which mobile phone brand would have been your next choice? How much are you willing to pay for a mobile phone of your choice? What are your preferences in choosing a mobile phone? What features are the most important in a mobile phone? What features are the least important in a mobile phone? In your opinion, which brand is the UK market leader in mobile phones? RATIONALE BEHIND THE QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN Initially there is a need to recognize what is the kind of relationship shared between the variables and hypothesis. The two broad categories of such relationships are cause and effect relationship and non cause effect relationship. The one under consideration belongs to the former group as we have identified different factors as cause, bringing about effect in the form of consumer behaviour when opting for a certain mobile phone brand. It is widely believed that quantitative research methods which are based on scientific mode of study are the most effective in delivering a credible research hypothesis. Though there are other methods too, but they do have their shortcomings as well. If a pure statistical quantitative research method is implemented the results would not be comprehensive enough. They would only depict the general evaluation of the research and not the finer details that went into forming this conclusion. Another method for that matter is pure observational approach; again this mode is not favourable as it is primarily based on the researchers supposition of the hypothesis. Therefore this approach is greatly endangered by distortion of the final conclusion and lacks credibility as a result of it. Phenomenological method is another approach that can be taken as it asks the researchers to better understand the idea or hypothesis in relation to all its aspects and then form an evaluation based on the experiences felt by the person under its influence. In the end to sum up, its best suggested that statistical method be used for quantitative purpose and qualitative approach be taken to research the factors. As this combination of methods incorporates both the pros and cons of the respective approaches so it will, in most probability, helpful in delivering a credible and unbiased evaluation at the end of the research study. ABOUT THE PROPOSED RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN The questionnaire was formulated for the key purpose of identifying the different factors that influence consumer behaviour when choosing between different mobile phone brands in the UK market. Therefore each question was designed with the aim of extracting some information that would be insightful in understanding the complex buying behaviour of the consumers. Question 1 will find out which brand is most used by the consumers. If there are a major proportion of the participants choosing a particular brand that would mean that brand may be the market leader. Questions 2 and 3 will assess whether they wish to change the phone. If they do then what is the reason behind it, if a shortcoming in the current brand is recognized then the marketer can capitalize on it and add this feature in its own product if feasible. Question 4 will judge the brand loyalty in the participants as part of the behavioural factors influencing consumer behaviour. Whereas, question 5 will aim to find out what the customers next favoured option is in mobile phone brands. This would give an idea as to which brand has the potential of becoming the market leader. Question 6 will evaluate what is the technological literacy in the participants so that a need for introduction of complex technology can be considered. While question 7 will review what are the activities that the users mostly indulge in when using their phones. This will also be helpful in finding out what areas can be improved as are mostly used by the consumers. Question 8 will aim to discover the power friends have on consumer preferences as part of the psychographic factors. Generally it is believed that family, friends and peer pressure play a vital role in this area, this question will be finding out whether there is any truth to this notion or not. Question 9s purpose is to obtain information regarding how much consumers are willing to spend on the purchase of a mobile phone. Price is in relation to income which is a component of demographic factors. Also if a trend in low spending is observed then this would mean that there is a need for lowering the prices. Question 10 will ask the participants to make a choice between two of the most coveted mobile phone features. In addition to the usual ones features available, preference for camera and Wi-Fi will be asked for. Question 11 is in extension to the earlier asked question, asking what are the features that they most want in their mobile phones. It is expected that the answers will greatly depend on the age of the participants. Question 12, the last question, will actually provide additional information about the consumers assessment of the available brands. This will also show which brand the consumers think is the market leader, the response to this question will be interesting as it may be in contrast to what the marketers expectations are. IMPORTANCE OF STRATEGIC QUESTIONING, INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION In order to be certain that the questions prepared are honest and not misleading, it is necessary that the questions being asked as part of the research are credible. If not then the results may be deceptive. For this purpose it is also necessary that strategic questioning is such that asks questions that are actually informative and insightful, helping in forming strategies. Therefore it of the utmost importance that the questionnaire designed should be clear in stating what its purpose is. The understanding of the responses should be such which would be able to serve its purpose of finding out the factors most influencing consumer behaviour in choosing mobile phone brands, particularly for the UK market. The researcher should incorporate all such plausible and relevant questions that will be helpful in achieving this aim. While conducting an interview, researchers are at an advantage of extracting much more out of the respondent than from a questionnaire. It is because of the nature of the method that gives the freedom to the researcher to pay attention to the gestures and body language of the participant in addition to obtaining a response. When evaluating and getting ready to present the data, the researcher should not forget what the purpose has been all along. Also a general code of conduct and ethics should not be breached at any stage of the research as that would deem the study false. PROPOSED RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REPORTING As the research has to kept bias free so it is important that the respondents are chosen at random from the targeted segment. The researcher should thus aim to distribute the questionnaires to people who can be counted on for providing the best possible response. For our study, prime focus would be UK residents. It will be this collected data which will be analysed and evaluated. Since our study encompasses the whole UK market, so the researcher will aim to get 100 survey questionnaires by the residents of four main countries of the UK (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland). Each participant will be at complete liberty to refuse to participate in this survey, only after their consent would they be given a questionnaire to fill. Correct purpose of the study will be explained to them. After all the data has been collected, it will then be analyzed and interpreted with the use of computing aids in order to be certain about the veracity of the study. These results will be compiled as a report in addition to study results, recommendations and conclusions. For the meeting this report will be presented along with a PowerPoint presentation. PROPOSED RESEARCH SCHEDULE AND TIMING This research will be conducted within an expected time duration of 7 weeks. In the initial weeks, the market research proposal will be composed. This step will involve the preliminary identification of factors influencing consumer behaviour namely, demographic, psychographic and behavioural factors, which will then be taken as the basis for the whole study. Literature review will be a key component for this area as this will evaluate what needs to be researched. It will be during this literature review that the factors will be further sub divided into smaller facets to cover every aspect of consumer behaviour. During the 3rd week, quantitative and qualitative research study questionnaire will be designed. For this purpose first the merits and demerits of each form of study will have to be taken into consideration. Then after the questionnaires are prepared, they will be distributed to the targeted segment of the population based on country wise division for UK market. It will be during the 4th and 5th week that the questionnaires will be filled and collected. Two week time is being allotted as the questionnaires will be divided over a large area so shipping to and forth will have to be accounted for. In the 6th week the researcher will have to get down to the task of the evaluating the results. For this a systematic procedure of first entering the data into computing software and then retrieving the end result will be initiated. Computers are being used of this purpose to guarantee no or very insignificant discrepancies. Once the results are obtained they will be included in the study for the experts review and analysis. As told earlier, informal interviews will also be conducted so that gain even better insight into the workings of consumer influences. These responses along with formal interview data collected will be also be added into the survey. At the completion of all these steps, final evaluation will be carried out. This evaluation will incorporate elements from all the parts of the whole research proposal study, the purpose for this detailed study will be to avoid all forms of prejudice that might have seeped into the study at any step of the process. In the final 7th week, after the study is completed, final review will take place. COST FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND BREAKDOWN As the participants selected belong to four different countries therefore questionnaire filling will in itself be a long process. Mostly it takes a couple of days for the questionnaires to be filled but as the participants are over an extended area so for that we have projected a longer time duration. During all this time various expenses will be incurred which have to be accounted from. Apart from the obvious transportation and telecommunications costs which are a part of every research schedule, other expenses are also to be considered. These other expenses can be listed under sundry expenses, comprising of paper and printing cost, food expenses. Also the volunteers will be given allowances for the services being offered.

Medieval Castles :: History

Medieval Castles In 1494 the armies of the French king, Charles VIII, invaded Italy to capture the kingdom of Naples. They swept through the country and bombarded and destroyed many castles. This invasion signaled the end of the castle as a stronghold of defense. For centuries it had been the dominant fortification in Western Europe for the defense of kings, nobility, and townspeople. Ancient cities were often walled to keep out invaders, and within the walls there was usually a citadel, a strongly built fortification occupying the highest or militarily most advantageous position. A castle is much like such a walled city and its citadel contracted into a smaller space. Castles were basically fortified locations. The word itself comes from the Latin castellum. Up to the 6th century fortifications were primarily communities in which most of the population lived. But in the middle of the 6th century, the armies of the Byzantine Empire began to build strong forts as defensive positions. For the next few centuries this castle building was confined to the Byzantine Empire, but later hordes of Islamic warriors who swept out of Arabia to conquer the Middle East, North Africa, and much Byzantine territory also started building such forts. Western Europe, in the depths of the Dark Ages from the 5th through the 9th century, had no such works. But late in the 9th century, as local lords and kings began to consolidate power, castle building began probably in France. Once begun, castle building spread rapidly to other areas. But it was not until the 12th and 13th centuries, after the Crusaders returned from their wars against Islam in Palestine, that castles as imposing as those of the Byzantine or Islamic empires were constructed in Europe. Many of the stone castles of the late Middle Ages still stand. Some are tourist attractions, in various states of repair, along the Rhine River from Mainz to Cologne in Germany, dotted about the French countryside, or perched on hilltops in Spain. The original French castles had been built on open plains. Later ones, however, were situated on rocky crags, at river forks, or in some position where advancing enemies would find approach extremely difficult, if not impossible. The fortifications became more elaborate with time, with considerable attention paid to making the living quarters more comfortable. A typical castle was usually guarded on the outskirts by a surrounding heavy wooden fence of sharp-pointed stakes called a barbican_. Medieval Castles :: History Medieval Castles In 1494 the armies of the French king, Charles VIII, invaded Italy to capture the kingdom of Naples. They swept through the country and bombarded and destroyed many castles. This invasion signaled the end of the castle as a stronghold of defense. For centuries it had been the dominant fortification in Western Europe for the defense of kings, nobility, and townspeople. Ancient cities were often walled to keep out invaders, and within the walls there was usually a citadel, a strongly built fortification occupying the highest or militarily most advantageous position. A castle is much like such a walled city and its citadel contracted into a smaller space. Castles were basically fortified locations. The word itself comes from the Latin castellum. Up to the 6th century fortifications were primarily communities in which most of the population lived. But in the middle of the 6th century, the armies of the Byzantine Empire began to build strong forts as defensive positions. For the next few centuries this castle building was confined to the Byzantine Empire, but later hordes of Islamic warriors who swept out of Arabia to conquer the Middle East, North Africa, and much Byzantine territory also started building such forts. Western Europe, in the depths of the Dark Ages from the 5th through the 9th century, had no such works. But late in the 9th century, as local lords and kings began to consolidate power, castle building began probably in France. Once begun, castle building spread rapidly to other areas. But it was not until the 12th and 13th centuries, after the Crusaders returned from their wars against Islam in Palestine, that castles as imposing as those of the Byzantine or Islamic empires were constructed in Europe. Many of the stone castles of the late Middle Ages still stand. Some are tourist attractions, in various states of repair, along the Rhine River from Mainz to Cologne in Germany, dotted about the French countryside, or perched on hilltops in Spain. The original French castles had been built on open plains. Later ones, however, were situated on rocky crags, at river forks, or in some position where advancing enemies would find approach extremely difficult, if not impossible. The fortifications became more elaborate with time, with considerable attention paid to making the living quarters more comfortable. A typical castle was usually guarded on the outskirts by a surrounding heavy wooden fence of sharp-pointed stakes called a barbican_.

American History Since 1877 Essay

While it may be the case that a popular and misinformed view of the entry of the United States into World War Two has displaced that of historical accuracy for the majority of casual observers of history, those with a deeper immersion in the historical facts recognize a more complex and perhaps more profound set of reasons and circumstances that led to the US entry into the war. The casual and uninformed observer no doubt believes that Hitler’s conquests in Europe along with the terror-inspiring Nazi-sponsored U-boat warfare in the North Atlantic and beyond, along with the imperial Japanese invasion of China are the reasons for the US entry into the war. These ideas are sound enough, but they tell only a partial story, the exterior of the issues and events. Admittedly, the concrete reason for war was the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, a single event which demonstrated the intention of the Axis powers to rule the earth. However, this surprise attack gave rise to one of the war’s most enduring and over-riding myths: that America’s entry into the war was precipitated primarily on moral grounds. This idea proves to be particularly specious given the historical evidence: although moral obligation might be given as the reason for US entry into the war, one, with study can easily â€Å"rejects the purely moral justification of American entry into the war against Hitler,† (Russett, 1997, p. 44) and it is equally as thorny, although just as tempting,, to frame US conflict with Japan on purely moral grounds. While it is true that the Japanese, â€Å"were often unkind conquerors,† (Russett, 1997, p. 44)they were also â€Å"welcomed in the former European colonies of Southeast Asia, and Japan† (Russett, 1997, p. 44) and they were able to keep some good relations native rebels; so Japanese territorial expansion and influence was in no way one-sided or always regarded as brutal. Whether or not moral justification was desired or necessary for the US to declare war on Japan, it is â€Å"Hitler, not Tojo, who is customarily presented as the personification of evil† and therefore it is Germany, not Japan, which carries most of the weight of â€Å"moral justification† for the US entry into World War Two,† (Russett, 1997, p. 44) although even this position is tenuous weighed against the very real historical ambivalence displayed by the American government during Hitler’s rise to power and Germany’s subsequent campaign of European conquests. When Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933 he had already divulged most of his far-reaching plans for war in Europe and especially for war in the east, against Russia. Also divulged was his violent antisemiticism and his ambition to attain global German and Nazi hegemony. In his celebrated â€Å"autobiography† Mein Kampf, Hitler made clear to whomever was paying attention (presumably the world) his â€Å"attitudes and plans which were the basis of the Nazi government and of his foreign policy. † (Goldston, 1967, p. 60) The policies and ambitions were â€Å"frankly stated for all the world to read† (Goldston, 1967, p. 60) and it is to the sorrow and pity of millions that Hitler’s blatant pronouncements went unheeded by politicians and generals throughout Europe. In fact, if a moral imperative played any role in the mind-set of the Western, future-Alllied, powers during this time, it was an imperative of peace. And it was precisely this imperative toward preserving peace: for Britain to prevent another Great War in Europe and for America to refuse involvement in another European war, which led to the tragic escalation of what began as a localized conflict into a global catastrophe. This mistake would be repeated at least three more times as the world sped toward World War Two. On at last three occasions: during the Anschluss when Hitler integrated Austria into the German Reich, again during Hitler’s military conquest of the Sudentland and, once more, when Hitler engineered the political conquest of Czechoslovakia at Munich, the post-war Treaty of Versailles had been broken. From the base of 100,000 troops permitted under the Versailles Treaty, Hitler, on 1 October 1934: ordered a trebling of army size, as well as the creation of an air force, which had been illegal under the Versailles terms. On 7 March 1936, troops were sent into the Rhineland, unilaterally abrogating the demilitarization of Germany’s western frontier provided for under the Locarno Pact† (Black, 2003, p. 4). Later, after this initial violation, â€Å"troops were sent into the Rhineland,† which broke the Treaty of Versailles openly. (Black, 2003, p. 4). In each of these cases, military intervention by France, Britain, and Russian was not only lawful, it was indicated by treaty: and, as is obviously the case looking back on history, each of the chances provided an opportunity for the Allied powers to prevent World War Two. During the invasion of the Sudentland, Hitler’s true ambitions lay elsewhere, he desired to invade Czechoslovakia, and in doing so, secure the German flank for an eventual invasion of the Soviet Union. Clearly, Germany was heading in the direction of war. So, any argument that Hitler or Germany’s were hidden or hard to understand is weak, if not plainly foolish. This fact, however, seemed to have little influence of the European policy of appeasement, which allowed not only human rights abuses in the Reich to continues unchallenged, but allowed for blatant military conquest of sovereign nations by Germany. Meanwhile, America’s isolationist vision towards continued, leaving Hitler with a free hand after his shrewdly engineered â€Å"Pact of Steel† had been concluded with his sworn enemy the Soviet Union. The US entered World war One slowly, and after â€Å"the conclusion of hostilities there was a wave of revulsion against war and military activity, † (Aldcroft, 1997, p. 8) which resulted in a public unwillingness to support intervention which might lead to military conflict. Though the pattern of appeasement followed by France and Britain in the wake of Hitler’s string of highly-visible conquests is difficult to understand, the apprehension toward war which had been seeded in the aftermath of World War One, â€Å"pacifism was strong in both Britain and France, in large part in response to the massive casualties in World War One† (Black , 2003, p. 4). as well as serious problems with the ensuing Treaty of Versailles are the best explanation for the malaise of the Allies. Instead of â€Å"responding forcefully against the successive breaches of the Versailles settlement,† (Black , 2003, p. 4). France and Britain decided to take a pretty much passive position in regards to Nazi Germany. Clearly these actions â€Å"encouraged Nazi expansionism† (Black , 2003, p. 4). even though the British and French governments were blind to the dangers of Nazism and believed that they were averting a war through their diplomatic efforts. Meanwhile, everyone concerned hoped Hitler’s conquests would be limited and that he would spend his time â€Å"ruling Germany† and not seeking conflict or expansion throughout Europe. Of course, these hopes turned out to be foolishly placed because â€Å"†Hitler’s aim–as he had set it down in Mein Kampf[†¦ ] was an expansion of Germany† (Jarman 206) and the outbreak of the war made those who had sought to make diplomacy the leading idea for dealing with Hitler had to admit that his diplomacy was merely a smokescreen to his desire to make war on those he believed were his enemies or those who opposed his plans for expansion for Germany. That he had already made all of his ambitions clear in his book was not important to the European leaders who dealt with Hitler initially; they just believed whatever he said to the loss of territories and thousands of peoples lives. (Jarman). Nothing seem to limit or stop the Allied policy of appeasement at Munich, which sacrificed the nation of Czechoslovakia to Hitler and the Nazis without a shot being fired. Hitler was also â€Å"determined to destroy Czechoslovakia, a democratic state that looked to other great powers for support† (Brown, 2004, p. 40); this would be a demonstration of the Reich’s power and intentions to expand its territories in the face of European opposition. Later, just â€Å"six months before the start of the Second World War, Czechoslovakia had ceased to exist,† (Brown, 2004, p. 40). and was incorporated into the Reich. Munich provided the most dramatic, and obvious, representation of Hitler’s ambitions and yet the irony is Germany would have been unable to match the military forces of the Allies during any of the three conquests outlined above. At the time of Munich, the German army could â€Å"muster only 31 divisions or regular troops and 7 reserve divisions;† (Brown, 2004, p. 40) this in contrasted with Allied powers â€Å"the French could hurl over 100 divisions and simply walk to Berlin. † (Brown, 2004, p. 40). In fact, the Czech army itself might have provide for its own protection had it been allowed to fight. Instead, Hitler was allowed to digest his conquests and plot his eventual war with the Soviet Union. No matter how considered the overwhelming historical evidence is that the Allies could have prevented the rise of global Nazism and the eventual outbreak of World War Two by abandoning their policies of appeasement and confronting the Third Reich with overwhelming military force. If moral justification had been lacking, one might interpret the Allied non-response to Hitler’s early acts of conquest and aggression as an act of graciousness — in sparing not only the soldiers but civilian populations from needless bloodshed. After-all, Germany had, her self only recently emerged from a terrible ravishment in the fiery end of World War One and her suffering under the Treaty of Versailles and the extraction of war-debts had brought Germany nearly to collapse. Even the Germans deserved better than a second war so closely following upon the Great War. If this had been the reasoning, in the absence of moral imperative, in the absence of signed treaties, and in the absence of military superiority, then even the Allied appeasement at Munich might have been at least understandable. Although the the Hitler-Stalin pact of August 1939 offered Germany protection from Soviet military retaliation and allowed the proposed invasion of Poland to take place without fear of Soviet reprisal. The Wehrmacht defeated the Polish army in just over 25 days and later when Spring allowed a more forceful and aggressive campaign strategy, the Wehrmacht descended upon the ‘low countries:† Denmark, Belgium, Norway, and the Netherlands. After two and a half months, the French surrendered. And even though the majority of the British expeditionary force to the continent escaped at Dunkirk, the British experienced the loss of their heavy equipment† (Russett, 1997, p. 25). Ultimately, Mussolini decided to launch Italy into the war only a fear days after France’s surrender. Meanwhile, America’s involvement in the war was limited to the implementation of the â€Å"The Lend-Lease Act, which was to pour billions of dollars of supplies into Britain† (Russett, 1997, p. 26) and also, pave the way for military involvement. Not only did US forces occupy Iceland, but â€Å"President Roosevelt had agreed that American ships would escort convoys–including British ships† (Russett, 1997, p. 26) to Iceland. This convoying was not entirely peaceful, it meant that â€Å"if German U-boats approached the American escorts were to â€Å"shoot on sight† (Russett, 1997, p. 26) to insure that the goods got through. These were steps to protect Britain and also steps toward total war. However, the role of â€Å"Lend_lease† itself proclaimed a total lack of moral imperative on the behalf of the American people regarding Hitler’s conquests in Europe. While Hitler was gobbling up Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland — and even before his physical conquest, during his rise to power — the same ethical and moral reasons for making war against the Nazi Regime existed as would exist many months later, after the destruction and deaths of millions of Europeans, Africans, Russians, Americans, and Japanese was assured by the conflagration of a World War. If there was a time when a moral imperative should have played a role in the events which ed to America’s involvement in World war Two, Munich makes much ore an apt case than Pearl Harbor. Looking back over the vents which preceded the invasion of Poland, there seems to be no moral impediment for American intervention in Hitler’s rising Nazi state. Meanwhile, in the Pacific war, where America’s ambitions and motivations toward war were much less ambiguously articulated, Japan continued with an â€Å"exhausting and seemingly endless war† (Russett, 1997, p. 45) which started with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, and was â€Å"greatly escalated by the clash at the Marco Polo Bridge which expanded into severe open warfare with China in 1937† (Russett, 1997, p. 45); such considerations were deeply incongruous with American ambitions in Southeast Asia. The imperative, however, was not one of moral obligation but one of geopolitical power. The same can be said for the Hobson’s choice ultimately faced by the Japanese. Although the attack on Pearl Harbor appeared to the American public as an act of ruthless aggression; to the Japanese, given the dwindling options for an Imperial future, as we will discuss directly, the act might easily have been viewed as a defensive military act of aggression. The friction between the US and Japan over the â€Å"China Incident† stemmed basically from an opposition of geopolitical ambitions. Japan considered itself and Imperial power, one which was as entitled to territorial expansion and expansion of influence as Britain or the United States and it viewed Southeast Asia and China as residing within its natural spheres of influence. To give up ambitions in China would be admitting that Japan was a second or third-rate world power and the elite of Japan’s military and civilian leaders found such a decision impossible because it gave in entirely to American demands. Faced with such a choice, the Japanese began to orbit around diplomatically and then join into the Nazi-led Axis, since it was obvious that the British? American alliance was likely headed toward a Allied war in Europe anyway. In July of 1941, Japanese assets were frozen in America, and â€Å"the consequent cessation of shipment of oil, scrap iron, and other goods from the United States, Japan’s economy was in most severe straits and her power to wage war directly threatened† (Russett, 1997, p. 46) and her ability to make war was becoming severely threatened by the ongoing embargoes against her. Japanese military planners estimated that â€Å"reserves of oil, painfully accumulated in the late 1930s when the risk of just such a squeeze became evident, would last at most two years† (Russett, 1997, p. 46) by which time it would be far too late to make a stand, militarily, against the United States in China or elsewhere. Somehow, Japan had found its way to a â€Å"no good choices† scenario, with acquiescence to American demands dooming Japan to a less than coequal status with the world’s dominant powers, or war with the United States — sooner than later — before supplies dwindled below practical abilities to make war. Diplomatic efforts proved useless when â€Å"The United States, and the British and Dutch,† (Russett, 1997, p. 47) would end the embargoes only as a response to â€Å"Japanese withdrawal from air and naval bases in Indochina† (Russett, 1997, p. 47); and at this time the Japanese military began to consider war with the U. S. inevitable. Most of the Japanese elite â€Å"were opposed to any settlement which would in effect have meant withdrawal from China† (Russett, 1997, p. 47) which would also mean the increase of Western, particularly American influence, in precisely those ares which Japan’s ruling castes believed were the natural provinces of the Japanese Empire. It is impossible to view the preceding acts perpetrated against the Japanese as anything other than aggressive, if falling short of actual military warfare; it was clear that Japan was being pushed just about as far to the brink of war as any nation could be pushed. It is impossible to extract from the American non-intervention in Europe coupled with its seeking intervention by economic and diplomatic means in Manchuria and Southeast Asia a policy which is driven by moral, rather than global-poltical, imperatives. In fact, positing American neutrality throughout the early days of Hitter’s conquests with American proactive intervention in Japanese Imperial expansion requires one to admit very little in the way of moral imperative. While the Japanese military planned for war, the American government also planned for an escalation of hostilities: â€Å"By autumn 1941, however, opinion was crystallizing in the highest levels of the American decision-making system† (Russett, 1997, p. 50) this process was leading to war. Roosevelt â€Å"informally polled his cabinet on the question of whether the country would support war against Japan† (Russett, 1997, p. 50) and the result was that â€Å"All members responded in the affirmative† (Russett, 1997, p. 50); with public support behind the war, conflict with Japan seemed immanent. By the beginning of December their attack was irrevocably set in motion. The Japanese conviction that war could not be limited to the British and Dutch had to be based wholly on inference. Yet it was a correct analysis and a solid conviction, as shown by the otherwise inexplicable risk they took at Pearl Harbor â€Å"the attack ensured American popular support for the war in the Pacific, just as the moral argument against Hitler in Europe worked to fuel public support for the American entry into World War Two† ; so, in effect, where the brutality and obvious territorial ambitions of Hitler had failed to ignite American sentiment for war, the attack by Japan ignited an inferno that would draw the US into the most notable global conflict of the twentieth-century. (Russett, 1997, p. 51) In conclusion, the US entry into World War Two when studied at more than a popular â€Å"mythic† level, is a story which combines the global-political ambitions of many nations with the propagandistic impulse which is necessary to â€Å"sell† even just wars to the soldiers who must fight them and to the publics which must support them. The US entered World War Two not so much as an agent of moral â€Å"good† or to stop a great evil which was recognized as emerging from the Third Reich. As we have seen, if this had truly been the motivation for a US war against Germany, moral justification had been provided as early as 1933 when Hitler rose to power declaring his ambitions to shirk off the Treaty of Versailles, wipe out Soviet Russia and destroy the Jews. Certainly, by the time of the Munich agreement, Nazi Germany was a recognized threat to both world order and world morality. The facts of history, while deepening and shadowing the more broad strokes of myth, fail to eliminate altogether the essential ideas contained within the myth. While it is true that the US entered World War Two in what could properly be described as a â€Å"tardy† fashion, and failed to seize the opportunity to help to push the European Allies to a timely confrontation with the burgeoning Reich before the loss of millions, the fact remains that US involvement in World War Two was the triumph of good over evil adn did provide a victory for freedom, democracy, and humanism which did not exist in the Nazi state. However, it is important also to realize that one of the key Allies, Soviet Russia, stood as perhaps an even more corrupt regime than the Nazis, slaughtered as many, if not more, Jews, political prisoners, and Russian citizens, combined as the Nazi regime — the truths of history provide the seeds of myth and from those seeds, often, the fruit of what is essential can be tasted. If history shows that the US entry into World War Two was based less in moral grounds than myth would have us belive, it is also true that American morality and strength of character provided an indelible asset in claiming victory against both the Nazis and the Japanese during the Second World War. References Aldcroft, D. (1997). The Versailles Legacy. History Review, (29), 8+. Black, J. (2003). World War Two.New York: Routledge. Brown, M. D. (2004, December). The S. O. E. and the Failure of the Slovak National Uprising: Martin D. Brown Tells the Little-Known Story of How British and American Soldiers Disappeared in Slovakia’s Tatra Mountains during the Remarkable Episode of Slovakia’s National Uprising against Its Nazi-Supporting Government during the Second World War. History Today, 54, 39+. Jarman, T. L. (1956). The Rise and Fall of Nazi Germany (1st ed. ). New York: New York University Press. Russett, B. M. (1997). No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States Entry into World War II. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press. Goldston, Robert. (1967). The Life and Death of Nazi Germany. New York, Fawcett Premier. Payne, Robert. (1973). The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler. New York

Notes On Crimes Against Property - 1054 Words

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