Liberals :: Liberalism Politics Political Philosophy Essays

LiberalsRonald Beiner, Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto investigates liberalism by considering the communitarian critics of it and different opinions of liberalists. He describes the critics of liberalism of Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor, Michael Walzer, and Alasdair MacIntyre. These community defenders think that all experiences of communtiy arent so morally desirable, exclusively if people are looking at the world only in an individualistic way, they find themselves on a narrow horizon of experiences. Beiner also makes us understand the difference between left and right liberalists. Beiner is against the opinon that the liberalism refers to a particular relation between the state and the individual and he thinks that its a deal of human life, which leaves people alone to do what they want freely, and in that sense the one in which society doesnt guide people to give signification to their life. He gives the painting example stating the world wit hout furniture as the main point. I believe that Beiners understanding of liberalism is wrong and I will check you what a liberal is, what liberals want and what they expect from the government. Liberal means favorable to or in accord with concepts of maximum individual freedom possible, especially as guaranteed by law and secured by governmental protection ofcivil liberties (Kennedy, pars. 3-4). John F. Kennedy states that liberal is not someone against the government and who is uncorned with the taxpayers dollar. It means someone who looks ahead not behind, someone who welcomes new ideas without rigid reactions, someone who cares about the welfare of people (pars. 1-2). Liberals want to change things to increase personal freedom and tolerance, and are willing to gift government to the extent necessary to achieve those ends. This is against the idea of Beiner about what liberalism is. They want to help individuals to take more control over their own li ves. This requires environment where choices are not arbitrarily removed. Also enough information should be offered so that choices can be understood and made intelligently. Alan Brinkley states that this also requires giving people obligation and encouraging self-reliance within a social framework (par. 8). Liberals see the role of government as providing a framework within which individuals can ruin their lives and contribute to society.

Problems In Christianity Essay -- Religion Religiuos Christian essays

Problems in ChristianityChristianity is one of the largest practiced religions in the world, yet there is still hatred towards every passing play of life. This is due to many different interpretations of the Bible throughout the years. The Bible has been revised so many times that no one knows what the master could or would pretend said. Even if there are ancient scriptures around today who owns them and why are these texts not published in their original format. We are still development different versions of the Bible that contain many revisions. These revisions have caused thousands of contradictions in how people should run their lives.Christianity began like every other religion starting out, as a cult. Roughly 2,000 years ago a man, Jesus Christ, was born into this world. Throughout his life he performed many miracles and began to get a large following of believers. He was referred to as a savior for the people, the one who would deliver them unto salvation. This all began d uring the era of the Roman Empire. The Romans felt that Jesus was a threat so they had him killed by room of crucifixion. Supposedly three days after his death Jesus came back as a spirit to prove his holiness. This sparked an explosion in this new religion. at one time Christianity had taken much of Europe, the Bible began to change. Kings began having monks change the Bible to suit their (the kings) beliefs. The Bible was used to condemn all other religions in Europe, especially Paganism. The present physique of the devil was derived from Paganism. The Christians told the Pagans that they should fear their horned god because he was a beast, and instead convert to Christianity where the All Mighty was good and peaceful. How ironic, that in todays ships company we are told to fear the Christian god, because his vengeance is great, like they told the Pagans to leave their God because he caused them fear. Yet today we tell our Christian children to fear God because he punishes the sinners. The reasoning is different but it is fear just the same.One contradiction in the Bible is the question that there is more than one god. In Deuteronomy 64 The Lord our God is one Lord. While in Genesis 126 And God said, Let us make man in our image. Both of these quotes come from the King James Version of the Bible. Which one should we follow? Most believe that this reference t... ...dictions throughout the Bible are due to the original meanings of a word or other likely translations. Although it is always scholarly to consider the original lectures, why should that be necessary with the word of God? An omnipotent, omniscient deity should have made his all-important message unmistakably clear to everyone, everywhere, at all times. No one should have to learn an extinct language to get Gods message. If the English translation is flawed or imprecise, then God failed to get his point across to English speakers. A avowedly fundamentalist should consider the English version o f the Bible to be just as inerrant as the original because if we admit that human error was possible in the translation, then it is equally possible in the original writing. If a contradiction exists in English then the Bible is contradictory and therefore a flawed book.Works CitedThe Bible, King James Version.The Bible Gateway. http//www.bible.gospelcom.netGraves, Robert, Raphael Patai. The Hebrew Myths. Buenos Aires Editorial Losada, 1969.The Kabbala.Morris, Henry M., and Henry Morris III. Many Infallible Proofs. Green Forest Master Books, Inc, 1990.

Shake :: essays research papers fc

What is it about the works of William Shakespeare that appeal to us today? Is it the poetry, the violence, the humor, or the romance? Is it because all of these things relate to our times? No. These aspects of Shakespeares plays moderate always appealed to audiences. Shakespeares plays are timeless, and due to this enduring significance, the Bards works have easily translated to film. Scarcely a Shakespearean play has not been made and remade numerous times into to a movie, and more often than not the film is either a hit at the box office or critically acclaimed. There is something about Shakespeare that has continued to capture the attention of audiences for the past four hundred years. In our present age of short-attention spans and exploding graphics, it is difficult to imagine that publications and poetry could attract people to the movies, but it seems that film has become the best medium for Shakespeare. All that the stage once limited can now be seen at the movies in its f ull glory what the Bard wrote for everybody may now be known visually and in total splendor.In Taming of the Shrew, we are presented with the bilgewater of a very independent woman and a very controlling man in an Elizabethan Battle of the Sexes. Appropriately, the female submits to the male and all is intellectual and well. For many, this is certainly not the best story to update to the present era of liberated women. On the contrary, Taming of the Shrew is an ideal film to update to our time. In 1967, Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton have in Franco Zeffirellis version of Taming. For those familiar with the history of the 20th century, you may recall that the 1960s are somewhat notable for the womens liberation movement. Zeffirelli tell a film that, on the surface, advocates female obedience to males. Upon careful inspection, however, it can be seen that submission was not the message at all. When Shakespeare wrote Taming, Queen Elizabeth I sit on the throne of England. Eliz abeth was a famous shrew who ruled alone without the aid of a man. Such autonomy by females was not commonplace and certainly not appreciated. So when this playwright named William Shakespeare came out with this story of a strong-willed woman being tamed by a brutish man, many mat up it was a commentary on Elizabeth and an appropriate way for a woman to behave.

Essay --

For a handicraft there is many things that is required to keep that business in business. For example, In order to make an product the society must choose upon its needs, resources they have and choose based on its populations and other available markets.The factors of return is the readiness to work on answer the three questions (What?, How? and For whom?) in order to solve the problems of scarcity. Scarcity is a resources that is limited, a certain number of available resource. Or paying simple bills to stay in a certain location. To sell a certain amount products could affect how a business runs, based murder its amount of products sold. And then there is the factors of production. Land isnt some where something is located in a ara, Labor is the help to create things, and Capital and Entrepreneurship are necessary to a business. What does factors of production got to do with land? Well Land isnt all about where a business is located. Its mostly about the natural r esources, which for example are diamonds, wood, water, coal, gold, etc. And this deserves to be ranked first. I think so because with no resources no business wont be able to run successfully. Aswell most resources have scarcity to create an product with could cause a business owner to look for for an alternative resource. If there wasnt land in the factor of production, most of the businesses would fail because they wont be making money by non being able to create products. So overall land should be first since you got to have resources in order to create other new products. How does labor affect the factors of production and what is its main purpose? Well according to Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis, they say Labor is, Labor is ... ...e they want to be successful without pickings such high risks that could take their business down hill if they taken a risk. For sure every entrepreneur knows every risk can be good, but can have a negative effect if taken the wrong way. But to another person they would definitely disagree with my view because not everyone has the same opinion. But also other people have different opinions about how they see the factors of production too. For example some may see Entrepreneurship as being first because of being high of risk. Then they could see Capital second because of money and the equipment for a business. As for Labor they would say third because not much as important than the money and equipment a business would need. And finally Land being last because they might not care where some business is located, but not thinking natural resources out there for land.

Apathy and Addiction in William Gibsons Neuromancer Essay -- Neuroman

Apathy and Addiction in Neuromancer In the postmodern world of William Gibsons Neuromancer, genius is dead, and the world is run by the ratiocinative system of the corporate machine. Confronted by a reality that is stark, barren, and metallic, and the hopelessness that this reality engenders, the postmodern protagonist, like Case, often immerses himself or herself in an alternate form of reality that is offered in the form of addiction (to virtual reality or drugs, for example), addictions that are made possible by the same society that makes an escape desirable. Such addictions are logical products of the post-modern capitalist society because they perpetuate the steadfast power of the corporation by allowing would-be dissidents an escape from reality, thereby preventing successful rebellion and maintaining the pervasive societal tranquillity necessary to allow the corporation to dominate undeterred. Case, as the addictive anti-hero, is a product of this stifling c ycle of apathy. Lacking the motivation or drive to encourage any true change in his reality, he avoids the unpleasant realities of his world by entering into the altered reality of addiction. In the reality of the postmodern world, where nature is gone and has been replaced by technology, where the world and humankind have become fused with the machine, and the existence of morality and reality are uncertain, it is difficult to find hope for a better existence or motivation to attempt to change ones existence. Addiction then becomes a logical avenue of escape from these bleak circumstances--not affecting reality, provided transforming it into something bearable. The addictions that Case turns to allow him to escape from the hard reality of his life th... ...e Fiction, and Some Comics. Hanover, NH Wesleyan UP, 1994. Gibson, William. Neuromancer. New York Ace-Berkeley, 1984. ---. Interview with Larry McCaffrey. Storming the universe Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham , NC Duke UP, 1992. 263-285. Grant, Glenn. Transcendence Through Detournement in William Gibsons Neuromancer. experience Fiction Studies. 17 (1990). 41-49. Hollinger, Veronica. Cybernetic Deconstruction. Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC Duke UP, 1992. Jameson, Frederick. Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism New Left Review. 146 (July-August 1984) Rpt in Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC Duke UP, 1992. Slusser, George. Literary MTV. Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC Duke UP, 1992.

Apathy and Addiction in William Gibsons Neuromancer Essay -- Neuroman

Apathy and Addiction in Neuromancer In the postmodern world of William Gibsons Neuromancer, record is dead, and the world is run by the logic of the corporate machine. Confronted by a mankind that is stark, barren, and metallic, and the hopelessness that this reality engenders, the postmodern protagonist, like Case, often immerses himself or herself in an alternate form of reality that is offered in the form of addiction (to virtual reality or drugs, for example), addictions that are made possible by the same alliance that makes an escape desirable. Such addictions are logical products of the post-modern capitalist society because they perpetuate the steadfast power of the corporation by allowing would-be dissidents an escape from reality, thereby preventing triple-crown rebellion and maintaining the pervasive societal apathy necessary to allow the corporation to dominate undeterred. Case, as the addictive anti-hero, is a product of this stifling cycle of apathy. lacking the motivation or drive to instigate any true change in his reality, he avoids the unpleasant realities of his world by entering into the altered reality of addiction. In the reality of the postmodern world, where nature is gone and has been replaced by technology, where the world and humankind have become fused with the machine, and the existence of morality and reality are uncertain, it is difficult to find hope for a better existence or motivation to attempt to change ones existence. Addiction then becomes a logical way of escape from these bleak circumstances--not affecting reality, but transforming it into something bearable. The addictions that Case turns to allow him to escape from the hard reality of his life th... ...e Fiction, and Some Comics. Hanover, NH Wesleyan UP, 1994. Gibson, William. Neuromancer. New York Ace-Berkeley, 1984. ---. Interview with Larry McCaffrey. Storming the humanity Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC Duke UP, 1992. 263- 285. Grant, Glenn. Transcendence Through Detournement in William Gibsons Neuromancer. Science Fiction Studies. 17 (1990). 41-49. Hollinger, Veronica. Cybernetic Deconstruction. Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC Duke UP, 1992. Jameson, Frederick. Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism New leftover Review. 146 (July-August 1984) Rpt in Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC Duke UP, 1992. Slusser, George. Literary MTV. Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC Duke UP, 1992.

Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth Essay

japan achieved sustained egress in per capita income betwixt the 1880s and 1970 through industrialization. Moving along an income harvesting trajectory through expansion of manufacturing is hardly unique. Indeed Western Europe, Canada, Australia and the joined States all attained high school levels of income per capita by shifting from agrarian- musical themed production to manufacturing and technologically sophisticated service sector activity. Still, there are four distinctive features of lacquers development through industrialization that merit discussionThe proto-industrial base lacquers coarse productivity was high enough to sustain substantial craft (proto-industrial) production in both rural and urban areas of the region prior to industrialization.Investment-led proceedsDomestic investment funds in industry and infrastructure was the driving force behind growth in japanese produce. Both occult and public sectors invested in infrastructure, national and local autho ritiess serving as coordinating agents for infrastructure build-up. * Investment in manufacturing capacity was largely left to the closed-door sector. * acclivity domestic savings made increasing peachy ingathering possible. * lacquerese growth was investment-led, not export-led.Total factor productivity growth achieving more out(p)put per unit of input was rapid. On the supply side, total factor productivity growth was extremely important. Scale economies the reduction in per unit cost imputable to increased levels of output contributed to total factor productivity growth. Scale economies existed due to geographic concentration, to growth of the national economy, and to growth in the output of individual companies. In addition, companies moved down the learning curve, reducing unit costs as their cumulative output rose and demand for their product soared. The kind capacity for importation and adapting unlike engine room improved and this contributed to total factor productivity growth * At the household level, investing in education of children improved social capability.* At the firm level, creating internalized chore markets that bound firms to workers and workers to firms, thereby giving workers a strong incentive to flexibly adapt to new technology, improved social capability. * At the g everyplacenment level, industrial policy that reduced the cost to private firms of securing foreign technology enhanced social capacity. Shifting out of low-productivity tillage into high productivity manufacturing, mining, and grammatical construction contributed to total factor productivity growth.DualismSharply segmented labor party and capital markets emerged in lacquer after the 1910s. The capital intensive sector enjoying high ratios of capital to labor paid comparatively high wages, and the labor intensive sector paid relatively low wages. Dualism contributed to income ine choice and therefore to domestic social unrest. after wards 1945 a ser ies of public policy reforms addressed inequality and erased much of the social bitterness around dualism that ravaged lacquer prior to World contend II. The remainder of this article will expand on a turn of events of the themes mentioned above. The appendix reviews valued evidence concerning these points. The conclusion of the article lists references that provide a riches of particular evidence supporting the points above, which this article can buoy only begin to explore. The Legacy of Autarky and the Proto-Industrial Economy Achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868)Why Japan?Given the relatively poor record of countries outside the European cultural area few achieving the kind of catch-up growth Japan managed between 1880 and 1970 the question naturally arises why Japan? After all, when the linked States forcibly opened Japan in the 1850s and Japan was forced to cede extra-territorial rights to a number of Western nations as had China primitively in the 1840s, many Westerners and Japanese alike thought Japans prospects seemed dim indeed.Tokugawa achievements urbanization, road ne 2rks, rice cultivation, craft production In answering this question, Mosk (2001), Minami (1994) and Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) mark the achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868) during a long close of closed country autarky between the mid-seventeenth century and the 1850s a high level of urbanization well substantial road networks the channeling of river water flow with embankments and the extensive elaboration of irrigation ditches that supported and advance the refinement of rice cultivation based upon improving seed varieties, fertilizers and planting methods particularly in the Southwest with its relatively long suppuration season the development of proto-industrial (craft) production by merchant houses in the major cities like Osaka and Edo (now called Tokyo) and its airing to rural areas after 1700 and the promotion of education and population control a mong both the military elite (the samurai) and the well-to-do peasantry in the eighteenth and archaean nineteenth centuries. Tokugawa political economy daimyo and shogunThese developments were inseparable from the political economy of Japan. The system of confederation g overnment introduced at the end of the fifteenth century placed certain powers in the turn over of feudal warlords, daimyo, and certain powers in the hands of the shogun, the well-nigh powerful of the warlords. Each daimyo and the shogun was assigned a geographic region, a domain, being given taxation say-so over the peasants residing in the villages of the domain. Intercourse with foreign powers was monopolized by the shogun, thereby preventing daimyo from cementing alliances with other countries in an effort to overthrow the central government. The samurai military retainers of thedaimyo were forced to abandon rice outlying(prenominal)ming and reside in the castle town headquarters of their daimyo overlord. In exchange, samurai received rice stipends from the rice taxes collected from the villages of their domain. By removingsamurai from the countryside by demilitarizing rural areas conflicts over local water rights were largely made a thing of the past. As a vector sum irrigation ditches were extended throughout the valleys, and riverbanks were shored up with stone embankments, facilitating transport and preventing flooding. The sustained growth of proto-industrialization in urban Japan, and its widespread dissemination to villages after 1700 was also inseparable from the productivity growth in paddy rice production and the growing of industrial crops like tea, fruit, mulberry plant growing (that sustained the raising of silk cocoons) and cotton. Indeed, Smith (1988) has given pride of place to these domestic sources of Japans prospective industrial success.Readiness to emulate the WestAs a result of these domestic advances, Japan was well positioned to take up the Western challen ge. It harnessed its infrastructure, its high level of literacy, and its proto-industrial distribution networks to the task of emulating Western organizational forms and Western techniques in energy production, first and foremost enlisting inorganic energy sources like blacken and the other fossil fuels to generate move power. Having intensively demonstrable the organic economy depending upon natural energy flows like wind, water and fire, Japanese were quite lively to master inorganic production after the Black Ships of the Americans forced Japan to jettison its long-standing autarky.From Balanced to Dualistic increment, 1887-1938 Infrastructure and Manufacturing Expand Fukoku KyoheiAfter the Tokugawa government collapsed in 1868, a new Meiji government committed to the twin policies of fukoku kyohei (wealthy country/strong military) took up the challenge of renegotiating its treaties with the Western powers. It created infrastructure that facilitated industrialization. It bui lt a modern naval forces and army that could keep the Western powers at bay and establish a protective buffer zone in North East Asia that eventually make the basis for a burgeoning Japanese empire in Asia and the Pacific. Central government reforms in education, finance and transportation Jettisoning the confederation style government of the Tokugawa era, the new leading of the new Meiji government fashioned a unitary state with powerful ministries consolidating authority in the capital, Tokyo.The freshly minted Ministry of Education promoted compulsory primary schooling for the raft and elite university education aimed at deepening engineering and scientific knowledge. The Ministry of Finance created the Bank of Japan in 1882, laying the foundations for a private banking system plunk for up a lender of last resort. The government began building a steam railroad trunk line girding the four major islands, encouraging private companies to participate in the project. In particul ar, the national government committed itself to constructing a Tokaido line connecting the Tokyo/Yokohama region to the Osaka/Kobe conurbation along the Pacific coastline of the main island of Honshu, and to creating deepwater harbors at Yokohama and Kobe that could accommodate deep-hulled steamships. Not surp liftly, the merchants in Osaka, the merchant capital of Tokugawa Japan, already well versed in proto-industrial production, turned to harnessing steam and coal, investing heavily in integrated spinning and weaving steam-driven textile mills during the 1880s.Diffusion of best-practice agricultureAt the same time, the abolition of the three hundred or so feudal fiefs that were the moxie of confederation style-Tokugawa rule and their consolidation into politically weak prefectures, under a strong national government that virtually monopolized taxation authority, gave a strong contract to the diffusion of best practice agricultural technique. The nationwide diffusion of seed va rieties developed in the Southwest fiefs of Tokugawa Japan spearheaded a substantial improvement in agricultural productivity especially in the Northeast. Simultaneously, expansion of agriculture using traditional Japanese technology agriculture and manufacturing using imported Western technology resulted.Balanced growthGrowth at the close of the nineteenth century was balanced in the sense that traditional and modern technology using sectors grew at roughly equal rates, and labor especially young girls recruited out of farm households to labor in the steam using textile mills flowed back and forrard between rural and urban Japan at wages that were roughly equal in industrial and agricultural pursuits.Geographic economies of de eggshell in the Tokaido belted ammunitionConcentration of industrial production first in Osaka and subsequently throughout the Tokaido belt fostered powerful geographic scale economies (the ability to reduce per unit costs as output levels increase), red ucing the costs of securing energy, raw materials and access to global markets for enterprises located in the great harbor metropolises stretching from the massive Osaka/Kobe complex magnetic north to the teeming Tokyo/Yokohama conurbation. Between 1904 and 1911, electrification mainly due to the proliferation of intercity electrical railroads created economies of scale in the nascent industrial belt facing outward onto the Pacific. The consolidation of two huge hydroelectric power grids during the 1920s one servicing Tokyo/Yokohama, the other Osaka and Kobe further solidified the comparative advantage of the Tokaido industrial belt in factory production. Finally, the widening and paving during the 1920s of roads that could handle buses and trucks was also pioneered by the great metropolises of the Tokaido, which further bolstered their relative advantage in per capita infrastructure.Organizational economies of scale zaibatsuIn addition to geographic scale economies, organizati onal scale economies also became increasingly important in the late nineteenth centuries. The governance of the zaibatsu (financial cliques), which step by step evolved into diversified industrial combines tied unitedly through central holding companies, is a fibre in point. By the 1910s these had evolved into highly diversified combines, binding together enterprises in banking and insurance, trading companies, mining concerns, textiles, iron and steel plants, and machinery manufactures. By channeling profits from older industries into new lines of activity like electrical machinery manufacturing, the zaibatsu form of organization generated scale economies in finance, slew and manufacturing, drastically reducing information-gathering and transactions costs. By attracting relatively scare managerial and entrepreneurial talent, the zaibatsu format economized on human resources.ElectrificationThe push into electrical machinery production during the 1920s had a revolutionary impact on manufacturing. Effective exploitation of steam power required the use of large central steam engines simultaneously driving a large number of machines power looms and mules in a spinning/weaving plant for instance throughout a factory. bantam enterprises did not mechanize in the steam era. But with electrification the unit drive system of mechanization spread. Each machine could be powered up respectively of one other. Mechanization spread rapidly to the smallest factory.Emergence of the dualistic economyWith the drive into heavy industries chemicals, iron and steel, machinery the demand for skilled labor that would flexibly suffice to rapid changes in technique soared. Large firms in these industries began offering premium wages and guarantees of employment in good times and bad as a flair of motivating and holding onto valuable workers. A dualistic economy emerged during the 1910s. Small firms, light industry and agriculture offered relatively low wages. Large enterpri ses in the heavy industries offered much more favorable remuneration, extending paternalistic benefits like company housing and company welfare programs to their internal labor markets. As a result a widening gulf opened up between the great metropolitan centers of the Tokaido and rural Japan. Income per head was far higher in the great industrial centers than in the hinterland.Clashing urban/rural and landlord/tenant interestsThe economic strains of emergent dualism were amplified by the slowing down of technological progress in the agricultural sector, which had soundly reaped the benefits due to regional diffusion from the Southwest to the Northeast of best practice Tokugawa rice cultivation. Landlords around 45% of the cultivable rice paddy land in Japan was held in some form of tenancy at the beginning of the twentieth century who had played a crucial role in promoting the diffusion of traditional best practice techniques now lost interest in rural affairs and turned their a ttention to industrial activities.Tenants also found their interests disregard by the national authorities in Tokyo, who were increasingly focused on supplying cheap foodstuffs to the burgeoning industrial belt by promoting agricultural production at heart the empire that it was assembling through military victories. Japan secured Taiwan from China in 1895, and formally brought Korea under its imperial rule in 1910 upon the heels of its successful war against Russia in 1904-05. Tenant leagues reacted to this callous disrespect of their needs through violence. Landlord/tenant disputes broke out in the early 1920s, and keep to plague Japan politically throughout the 1930s, calls for land reform and bureaucratic proposals for reform being rejected by a Diet (Japans legislature) politically dominated by landlords.Japans military expansionJapans thrust to imperial expansion was inflamed by the growing instability of the geopolitical and world(prenominal) apportion regime of the lat er 1920s and early 1930s. The relative decline of the unify Kingdom as an economic power doomed a gold regular regime tied to the British pound. The United States was bonnie a potential contender to the United Kingdom as the backer of a gold measurement regime but its long history of high tariffs and isolationism deterred it from taking over leadership in promoting global trade openness. Germany and the Soviet Union were increasingly becoming industrial and military giants on the Eurasian land mass committed to ideologies hostile to the liberal democracy championed by the United Kingdom and the United States. It was against this worldwide backdrop that Japan began aggressively staking out its claim to being the dominant military power in East Asia and the Pacific, thereby bringing it into conflict with the United States and the United Kingdom in the Asian and Pacific theaters after the world slipped into global warfare in 1939.Reform and Reconstruction in a juvenile Internatio nal scotch Order, Japan after World War II Postwar occupation economic and institutional restructuring Surrendering to the United States and its allies in 1945, Japans economy and infrastructure was revamped under the S.C.A.P (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) Occupation lasting through 1951. As Nakamura (1995) points out, a variety of Occupation-sponsored reforms transformed the institutional surround conditioning economic performance in Japan.The major zaibatsu were liquidated by the Holding Company Liquidation Commission set up under the Occupation (they were revamped as keiretsu corporate groups mainly tied together through cross-shareholding of stock in the aftermath of the Occupation) land reform wiped out landlordism and gave a strong push to agricultural productivity through mechanization of rice cultivation and collective bargaining, largely illegal under the Peace Preservation Act that was used to suppress union organizing during the interwar arrest, was given the imprimatur of constitutional legality. Finally, education was opened up, partly through making middle school compulsory, partly through the creation of national universities in each of Japans forty-six prefectures.Improvement in the social capability for economic growthIn short, from a domestic point of view, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology was improved with the reforms in education and the fillip to competition given by the dissolution of the zaibatsu. Resolving tension between rural and urban Japan through land reform and the establishment of a rice price support program that guaranteed farmers incomes comparable to blue compass industrial workers also contributed to the social capacity to absorb foreign technology by suppressing the political divisions between metropolitan and hinterland Japan that plagued the nation during the interwar years.Japan and the postwar international orderThe revamped international economic order contributed to th e social capability of importing and adapting foreign technology. The instability of the 1920s and 1930s was replaced with replaced with a relatively predictable bipolar world in which the United States and the Soviet Union opposed each other in both geopolitical and ideological arenas. The United States became an architect of multilateral architecture designed to encourage trade through its sponsorship of the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the predecessor to the World Trade Organization). Under the logic of building military alliances to contain Eurasian Communism, the United States brought Japan under its nuclear umbrella with a bilateral security treaty. American companies were encouraged to license technology to Japanese companies in the new international environment. Japan redirected its trade away from the areas that had been integrate into the Japanese Empire before 1945, and towards the huge an d expanding American market.Miracle Growth Soaring Domestic Investment and Export Growth, 1953-1970 Its infrastructure revitalized through the Occupation period reforms, its capacity to import and export enhanced by the new international economic order, and its access to American technology bolstered through its security pact with the United States, Japan experienced the dramatic Miracle Growth between 1953 and the early 1970s whose sources have been cogently analyzed by Denison and Chung (1976). Especially striking in the Miracle Growth period was the remarkable increase in the rate of domestic fixed capital formation, the rise in the investment proportion being matched by a rising savings rate whose secular increase especially that of private household savings has been well documented and analyzed by Horioka (1991). While Japan continued to close the gap in income per capita between itself and the United States after the early 1970s, most scholars believe that large Japanese man ufacturing enterprises had by and large become internationally competitive by the early 1970s. In this sense it can be said that Japan had completed its nine decade long convergence to international competitiveness through industrialization by the early 1970s.MITIThere is little doubt that the social capacity to import and adapt foreign technology was vastly improved in the aftermath of the Pacific War. Creating social consensus with Land Reform and agricultural subsidies reduced political divisiveness, extending compulsory education and breaking up the zaibatsu had a positive impact. Fashioning the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (M.I.T.I.) that took responsibility for overseeing industrial policy is also viewed as facilitating Japans social capability. There is no doubt that M.I.T.I. drove down the cost of securing foreign technology. By intervening between Japanese firms and foreign companies, it acted as a single buyer of technology, vie off competing American and European enterprises in order to reduce the royalties Japanese concerns had to pay on technology licenses. By keeping domestic patent periods short, M.I.T.I. encouraged rapid diffusion of technology.And in some cases the experience of International Business Machines (I.B.M.), enjoying a virtual monopoly in global mainframe computer markets during the 1950s and early 1960s, is a classical case M.I.T.I. made it a condition of entry into the Japanese market (through the creation of a subsidiary Japan I.B.M. in the case of I.B.M.) that foreign companies share many of their technological secrets with potential Japanese competitors. How important industrial policy was for Miracle Growth remains controversial, however. The view of Johnson (1982), who hails industrial policy as a pillar of the Japanese Development State (government promoting economic growth through state policies) has been criticized and revised by subsequent scholars. The book by Uriu (1996) is a case in point. Internal labor markets, just-in-time inventory and quality control circles Furthering the internalization of labor markets the premium wages and long-term employment guarantees largely cut back to white collar workers were extended to blue collar workers with the legalization of unions and collective bargaining after 1945 also raised the social capability of adapting foreign technology.Internalizing labor created a highly flexible labor force in post-1950 Japan. As a result, Japanese workers embraced many of the key ideas of Just-in-Time inventory control and Quality take in circles in assembly industries, learning how to do rapid machine setups as part and parcel of an effort to produce components just-in-time and without defect. Ironically, the concepts of just-in-time and quality control were originally developed in the United States, just-in-time methods being pioneered by supermarkets and quality control by efficiency experts like W. Edwards Deming. Yet it was in Japan that these c oncepts were relentlessly pursued to knock over assembly line industries during the 1950s and 1960s.Ultimate causes of the Japanese economic miracleMiracle Growth was the completion of a protracted historical process involving enhancing human capital, massive accumulation of physical capital including infrastructure and private manufacturing capacity, the importation and adaptation of foreign technology, and the creation of scale economies, which took decades and decades to realize. Dubbed a miracle, it is best seen as the reaping of a bountiful harvesting whose seeds were painstakingly planted in the six decades between 1880 and 1938. In the course of the nine decades between the 1880s and 1970, Japan amassed and lost a sprawling empire, reorienting its trade and geopolitical stance through the twists and turns of history. While the ultimate sources of growth can be ferreted out through some form of statistical accounting, the specific way these sources were marshaled in practice is inseparable from the history of Japan itself and of the global environment within which it has realized its industrial destiny.Appendix Sources of Growth Accounting and Quantitative Aspects of Japans Modern Economic Development One of the attractions of studying Japans post-1880 economic development is the abundance of quantitative data documenting Japans growth. Estimates of Japanese income and output by sector, capital stock and labor force extend back to the 1880s, a period when Japanese income per capita was low. Consequently statistical probe of Japans long-run growth from relative poverty to abundance is possible.The remainder of this appendix is devoted to introducing the subscriber to the vast literature on quantitative analysis of Japans economic development from the 1880s until 1970, a nine decade period during which Japanese income per capita converged towards income per capita levels in Western Europe. As the reader will see, this discussion confirms the importance of factors discussed at the outset of this article. Our initial touchstone is the excellent sources of growth accounting analysis carried out by Denison and Chung (1976) on Japans growth between 1953 and 1971. Attributing growth in national income in growth of inputs, the factors of production capital and labor and growth in output per unit of the two inputs combined (total factor productivity) along the following lines G(Y) = a G(K) + 1-a G(L) + G (A)where G(Y) is the (annual) growth of national output, g(K) is the growth rate of capital services, G(L) is the growth rate of labor services, a is capitals share in national income (the share of income accruing to owners of capital), and G(A) is the growth of total factor productivity, is a standard approach used to penny-pinching the sources of growth of income. Using a variant of this type of decomposition that takes into account improvements in the quality of capital and labor, estimates of scale economies and adjustments for structural change (shifting labor out of agriculture helps explain why total factor productivity grows), Denison and Chung (1976) generate a useful set of estimates for Japans Miracle Growth era.Operating with this sources of growth approach and proceeding under a variety of plausible assumptions, Denison and Chung (1976) estimate that of Japans average annual real national income growth of 8.77 % over 1953-71, input growth accounted for 3.95% (accounting for 45% of total growth) and growth in output per unit of input contributed 4.82% (accounting for 55% of total growth). To be sure, the precise assumptions and techniques they use can be criticized. The precise numerical results they arrive at can be argued over. Still, their general point that Japans growth was the result of improvements in the quality of factor inputs health and education for workers, for instance and improvements in the way these inputs are utilized in production due to technological and organizational chang e, re storage allocation of resources from agriculture to non-agriculture, and scale economies, is defensible.Notes a Maddison (2000) provides estimates of real income that take into account the purchasing power of national currencies. b Ohkawa (1979) gives estimates for the N sector that is defined as manufacturing and mining (Ma) prescribed construction plus facilitating industry (transport, communications and utilities). It should be noted that the concept of an N sector is not standard in the field of economics. c The estimates of trade are obtained by adding merchandise imports to merchandise exports. Trade openness is estimated by taking the ratio of total (merchandise) trade to national output, the latter defined as Gross Domestic ingathering (G.D.P.).The trade figures include trade with Japans empire (Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, etc.) the income figures for Japan exclude income generated in the empire. d The Human Development Index is a composite varying formed by adding t ogether indices for educational attainment, for health (using life expectancy that is inversely related to the level of the infant mortality rate, the IMR), and for real per capita income. For a detailed discussion of this index see United Nations Development Programme (2000). e Electrical generation is measured in million kilowatts generated and supplied. For 1970, the figures on NHK subscribers are for television receiver subscribers. The symbolic representation n.a. = not available. Sources The figures in this table are taken from various pages and tables in Japan Statistical Association (1987), Maddison (2000), Minami (1994), and Ohkawa (1979).Flowing from this table are a number of points that bear lessons of the Denison and Chung (1976) decomposition. One cluster of points bears upon the timing of Japans income per capita growth and the relationship of manufacturing expansion to income growth. Another highlights improvements in the quality of the labor input. Yet another poin ts to the overriding importance of domestic investment in manufacturing and the lesser significance of trade demand. A fourth group suggests that infrastructure has been important to economic growth and industrial expansion in Japan, as exemplified by the figures on electricity generating capacity and the mass diffusion of communications in the form of radio and television broadcasting. Several parts of Table 1 point to industrialization, defined as an increase in the proportion of output (and labor force) attributable to manufacturing and mining, as the driving force in explaining Japans income per capita growth. Notable in Panels A and B of the table is that the gap between Japanese and American income per capita closed most decisively during the 1910s, the 1930s, and the 1960s, precisely the periods when manufacturing expansion was the most vigorous.Equally noteworthy of the contrives of the 1910s, 1930s and the 1960s is the overriding importance of gross domestic fixed capital formation, that is investment, for growth in demand. By contrast, trade seems much less important to growth in demand during these critical decades, a point emphasized by both Minami (1994) and by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973). The notion that Japanese growth was export led during the nine decades between 1880 and 1970 when Japan caught up technologically with the leading Western nations is not defensible. Rather, domestic capital investment seems to be the driving force behind aggregate demand expansion. The periods of especially intense capital formation were also the periods when manufacturing production soared. smashing formation in manufacturing, or in infrastructure supporting manufacturing expansion, is the main agent pushing long-run income per capita growth.Why? As Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) argue, spurts in manufacturing capital formation were associated with the import and adaptation of foreign technology, especially from the United States These investment spurts were also associated with shifts of labor force out of agriculture and into manufacturing, construction and facilitating sectors where labor productivity was far higher than it was in labor-intensive farming centered around labor-intensive rice cultivation. The logic of productivity gain due to more efficient allocation of labor resources is apparent from the right hand column of Panel A in Table 1. Finally, Panel C of Table 1 suggests that infrastructure investment that facilitated health and educational attainment (combined public and private expenditure on sanitation, schools and research laboratories), and public/private investment in physical infrastructure including dams and hydroelectric power grids helped fuel the expansion of manufacturing by improving human capital and by reducing the costs of transportation, communications and energy supply faced by private factories.Mosk (2001) argues that investments in human-capital-enhancing (medicine, public health and education), financial (b anking) and physical infrastructure (harbors, roads, power grids, railroads and communications) laid the groundwork for industrial expansions. Indeed, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology emphasized by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) can be largely explained by an infrastructure-driven growth hypothesis like that given by Mosk (2001). In sum, Denison and Chung (1976) argue that a combination of input factor improvement and growth in output per combined factor inputs account for Japans most rapid spurt of economic growth. Table 1 suggests that labor quality improved because health was enhanced and educational attainment increased that investment in manufacturing was important not only because it increased capital stock itself but also because it reduced dependence on agriculture and went hand in glove with improvements in knowledge and that the social capacity to absorb and adapt Western technology that fueled improvements in knowledge was associated with in frastructure investment.ReferencesDenison, Edward and William Chung. Economic Growth and Its Sources. In Asias nigh Giant How the Japanese Economy Works, edited by Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky, 63-151. Washington, DC Brookings Institution, 1976. Horioka, Charles Y. Future Trends in Japans Savings Rate and the Implications Thereof for Japans External Imbalance.Japan and the World Economy 3 (1991) 307-330. Japan Statistical Association. Historical Statistics of Japan Five Volumes. Tokyo Japan Statistical Association, 1987. Johnson, Chalmers. MITI and the Japanese Miracle The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975. Stanford Stanford University Press, 1982. Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992. Paris Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000. Minami, Ryoshin. Economic Development of Japan A Quantitative Study. Second edition. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire Macmillan Press, 1994. Mitchell, Brian. International Historical Statistics Africa an d Asia. newfangled York New York University Press, 1982. Mosk, Carl. Japanese Industrial History Technology, Urbanization, and Economic Growth. Armonk, New York M.E. Sharpe, 2001. Nakamura, Takafusa. The Postwar Japanese Economy Its Development and Structure, 1937-1994. Tokyo University of Tokyo Press, 1995. Ohkawa, Kazushi. Production Structure. In Patterns of Japanese Economic Development A Quantitative Appraisal, edited by Kazushi Ohkawa and Miyohei Shinohara with Larry Meissner, 34-58. New Haven Yale UniversityPress, 1979. Ohkawa, Kazushi and Henry Rosovsky. Japanese Economic Growth Trend Acceleration in the twentieth Century. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press, 1973. Smith, Thomas. Native Sources of Japanese industrialisation, 1750-1920. Berkeley University of California Press, 1988. Uriu, Robert. Troubled Industries Confronting Economic Challenge in Japan. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1996. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report, 2000. New York Oxford University Press, 2000. Citation Mosk, Carl. Japan, Industrialization and Economic Growth. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. January 18, 2004. URL http//eh.net/encyclopedia/article/mosk.japan.final

Apologies on Academic Changes

Please receive much apologies for my late reply regarding academic changes. I have already been admitted at UCSDs Economics undergraduate and returned my chosen classes form. However, I recently made some changes on my class choices.Contained in this letter is new lists of subjects and ways on how i will still care formerly chosen classes, and a request on how i should proceed. I have already chosen new subjects for the Fall, Winter and Summer academic quarters. only the courses contained in my new selection are shown in the universitys catalog.I will take several classes that i dropped from my list from the online program. In the upcoming fall quarter, I think to take Econ 9, 25, and CIS 15A. I will take the rest of courses from either Foothill College or an otherwise community college.I have been looking for course offering in these colleges and ha found that they are all available. This is all in the attempts to make sure i get my A.A Degree in 2009. Further, i will be winnin g Math 11 and 12 at UCSD, which serves the purpose of the required Calculus for Business and Economics. I will also be taking the Math 1C, which you had inquired, in this Summer 2008.Having taken and performed well in other online classes is a good indication that i will perform well in the just mentioned courses. This is because i have gained the much important independent work ethic that is needed in such classes. I have already talked to my academic counselor on this situation reading my academic plans. The counselor has confirmed that independent and online courses are available for the above mentioned programs.This gives me confidence to work towards averting the crisis. Will kindly lead my counselors contacts so you can communicate when need arises. All this will be in the attempts of ensuring that my studies to make sure that my graduation of academic standing stand unaffected. I have made the point of scheduling the courses so as to have enough time allocation for each cour se. This will ensure maximum rule of time beyond the expectation of your office.I have already met all the IGETC economic major requirements, meaning that I just need to work on other requirements in order to graduate on time. Having met these key requirements leaves me with enough time to use in the classes listed above.In addition, I promise to work in the process of achieving the aspiration of meeting University requirements, performing well in my classes, as well as graduating on time. In the meantime, i am preparing myself for the academic challenge that lays ahead of me and i am sure of performing well and graduating on time. Despite my preparations on this matter, I am kindly asking for your guidance on the way i should move forward. I have no doubt that your office will understand my situation.I will make a point of regularly visiting and communication with your office in order to keep you updated on my progress. Will also have my counselor communicate with your office re garding my plans and updated tentative plan. I highly apprise your time and the efforts you have made to ensure my academic progress remains on course.With Thanks,

Inventory System Essay

Inventory management is vit all(prenominal)y important for some(prenominal) business that sells a physiological yield. An inventory system must balance having enough inventories on hand to graceful the demand of customers while investing as little money as possible in inventory. Perishable products add an early(a) dimension of management considerations beca usance they must be cycled done the inventory system more(prenominal) fondly and stored in a commission that preserves their value. An inventory hold back system is an integrated package of softwargon and hardware used in warehouse operations, and elsewhere, to monitor the quantity, perspective and status of inventory as well as the related shipping, receiving, picking and put away processes. In common usage, the term may also list to just the software servings. An inventory control system may be used to automate a changes order fulfillment process.Such a system contains a list of order to be filled, and then prompts workers to pick the necessary souvenirs, and provides them with packaging and shipping information. It is a supervision of the supply and storage and accessibility of items in order to insure an adequate supply without excessive oversupply. Inventory management systems are software programs used to maintain, gather and track inventory from the result it r distributivelyes a retail setup to the moment it is sold. Automation has increased the efficiency and accuracy of inventory management, allowing companies to get information about a particular products sale levels and whether it is time to reorder at the very moment the item reaches a predefined stock level. The McDonalds started in 1954. Raymond Kroc who is the fo on a lower floor saw a hamburger stand in San Bernardino, California and visualized a nationwide fast food compass. Kroc tested himself as an ancestor who revolutionized the American restaurant assiduity.Actually, Raymond Kroc is respect being the Farther of Indus try. It became a popular and profitable teen hangout. In 1948, the brothers closed and reopened the restaurant to sell barely hamburgers, milkshakes and French fries. As per the information of the McDonalds history, the major revenue came from hamburgers, which were sold at a nominal price of 15 cents. The restaurant gradually became famous and the McDonald brothers begin franchising their restaurant in the form 1953. The first franchise was taken by Neil Fox and under it the second McDonalds restaurant was opened in Fresno, California. It was the first to introduce the Golden smashed design. The third and fourth restaurants were opened in Saginaw, Michigan and Downey, California, respectively. The latter is the oldest McDonalds restaurant still in operation. In 1954, an entrepreneur and milkshake-mixer salesman, Ray Kroc, acquired the franchise of McDonalds restaurant for outside California and Arizona.In effect, Kroc opened his first and the overall ninth restaurant in Illinois , Chicago, and gave birth to McDonalds Corporation. In 1958, the restaurant chain sold its 100 millionth hamburger. In 1960, Kroc renamed his company as McDonalds Corporation. In 1961, Kroc convinced the McDonald brothers to sell the business rights to him for a sum $2.7milion. by and by that year, the Hamburger University was opened, which gave away McDonalds restaurant Bachelor of Hamburgology degrees to students. In 1963, the mascot Ronald McDonald was born as a part of a marketing strategy in US. In 1967, the first restaurant outside US was opened in Richmond, British Columbia. In 1974, the 3000th restaurant opened in Woolwich, United Kingdom, which is the first of the country. Happy meal was introduced in US in 1979.In 1984, the company became the main sponsor of the Summer Olympics. The year was also marked by the death of Ray Kroc. In 1988, the first restaurant opened in a communist country in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, followed by the first Soviet restaurant in Moscow (1990). I n 1992, the largest McDonalds was opened in Beijing, China, having over 700 seats and was later demolished. In 1993, the first sea-going restaurant was established, aboard the Finnish Cruise-ferry Silja Europa, sailing among Helsinki and Stockholm. In 1994, McDonalds bagged the Catalyst Award for its program for fostering leadership development in women. In 1996, the first Indian restaurant was opened. In 2003, the company launched the Im lovin it campaign. In 2005, McDonalds started its McDelivery service in Singapore. In 2006, the chain announced that it will publish nutritional information on its packaging of all its products, for the benefit of the customers. Considering the huge success and brand McDonalds has become, the food chain is spread across the world in almost all the major cities of the globe. macrocosm economic and user friendly, the success rate of the company can non be doubted. In 1985, the first McDonalds restaurant in Thailand was opened at Amarin Plaza. Curren tly, there are more than 100 McDonalds restaurants nationwide with a ring of convenient services at anytime and anywhere which including breakfast meals from 5.00-11.00 Am., Drive -thru, Dessert kiosk and McCafe. Besides, there is the McDelivery service on 1711 running from 9 Am. until midnight and some restaurant also offer 24-hour service to serve. Through the years, McDonalds remained the worlds top quick service restaurant. With more than 33,000 branches in more than 120 countries around the globe, McDonalds has served billions of customers since its first restaurant in 1955. McDonalds history began even before the blast of the Second World War when brothers Dick and Mac McDonald started a drive-in restaurant business in Riverside California.Their menu was composed simply of 10-cent hamburgers and other drive-in products. After the war, the brothers opened a new fictional character of restaurant in San Bernardino, California, where a little hamburger man called Speedee became the companys emblem Dicks and Macs endeavors proved so successful that other operators sought out franchises from them. In 1954 Ray Kroc exclusive sales electrical distributor for Multimixer intrigued by the brothers Speedee scheme visited the latter in San Bernardino, Upon his return to Chicago, Kroc obtained the exclusive licensing rights to the brothers system and had become heir National Franchise Agent in April of the same year construction began on the first restaurant in what was called the Mcdonalds System Inc.The famous Golden Arches arrived in the Philippines in 1981 when George T. Yang president of McGeorge nutrition Industries was awarded franchising privilege in the country by McDonalds international. The first store opened in the busy university area of Morayta while the second was established in the prime commercial area of Cubao beside New Frontier Theater. And now as they say, the rest is history. With the desire of providing Filipino customers with high pure tone food and service that meet global standards, George T. Yang, opened the first McDonalds store along Morayta, Manila in 1981. Since then, McDonalds has introduced so many innovations that captured the hearts of the Filipinos.It was McDonalds who first offered the note value Meals and the Happy Meal. It was McDonalds who first provided employment opportunities for students. And it was McDonalds who first played an active role in helping out in the community through McDonalds Charities. These and so many other firsts are the reasons for McDonalds phenomenal growth Today, with Kenneth S. Yang at the helm, McDonalds is now a multi-billion-peso company with almost 274 stores nationwide And still countingBackground of the StudyToday McDonalds is the largest brand of fast food restaurant that serve 52 million customers per day more than 100 countries. With the world-class standard, McDonalds unites the QSC&V standards strictly all McDonalds restaurants around the world. McDonalds is o ne of the leading restaurant chains in the world, tactile sensation the lives of people everyday. The long journey of the burger brand started in 1940, when two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald opened the first McDonalds restaurant in San Bernardino, California. Initially, they owned a hotdog stand, but after establishing the restaurant they served around 25 items, which were mostly barbequed.Statement of the ProblemThe study attempts to know the more effective inventory control system that McDonalds should use. 1. To determine whether Perpetual or biyearly Inventory Control System is to be used by McDonalds 2. To determine whether McDonalds performs effectively and efficiently in managing their inventories 3. Are there times when McDonalds are out of stock because of wrong inventory? 4. Are there any problems in the accounting system of McDonalds?Significance of the StudyIn order to determine the type of Inventory Control System that McDonalds should use the researchers showed som e of the contributions to the management and customers For the management-this research study will help them choose the appropriate and more effective type of Inventory Control System in order to improve their management. For the customers-so that they would enjoy freshly made food.SCOPEThe study covers Inventory Control System such as Periodic and Perpetual System. Periodic System is a type of Inventory Control System in which merchandise purchases are recorded in the purchases account, and the inventory account balance is updated only at the end of each accounting period while Perpetual System is a type which has traditionally been associated with companies that sell small numbers of costly items, but the development of modern scanning and computer engine room has enabled almost any type of merchandiser to consider using this system. McDonalds follows a Just in Time (JIT) system of inventory management. JIT, as the name suggests, is the system of supplying products to customers a s soon as they have ordered for it, with minimal delay between placing the order and getting it in hand.McDonalds doesnt begin to cook or assemble or preheat their stuff until they receive a customer order. This was not the case earlier. They had a different approach to inventory management wherein they used to pre-cook a batch of hamburgers and sit under heat lamps. It used to keep them under the lamps for as long as possible and eventually discard whatever they couldnt sell. Hence customers couldnt enjoy freshly made food. The only way it could happen was by the customer giving a special order. It also covers the efficiency and effectiveness of McDonalds in managing their fast food chain, their service and the propitiation that they would provide for their valued customers.LIMITATIONThis research study is limited only in San Pedro, Laguna. McDonalds in San Pedro Laguna is located in Cataquiz Subdivision, National Hi-Way, San Pedro, Laguna. openingNull HypothesisThere is no signif icant difference in Inventory Control System in either Periodic System or Perpetual System. Alternative HypothesisIs there any significant difference in Inventory Control System in either Periodic System or Perpetual System?DEFINITION OF TERMS1. Inventory-The value of materials and goods held by an organization (1) to support production (raw materials, subassemblies, work in process), (2) for support activities (repair, maintenance, consumables), or (3) for sale or customer service (merchandise, finished goods, spare parts). 2. Control-Device or mechanism installed or instituted to guide or regulate the activities or operation of an apparatus, machine, person, or system. 3. System-An organized, purposeful structure that consists of interrelated and interdependent elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts etcetera).These elements continually influence one another (directly or indirectly) to maintain their activity and the existence of the system, in order to get throu gh the goal of the system. 4. Inventory Control System-A database used for storing and administering all types of data required for efficient and accurate warehouse inventory management. This may include modules or palm for keeping track of all items and locations, requisitions, back orders, required levels of inventory on hand, reorder points, lead times, inventory error tracking, and more. This type of system may embrasure with an ERP and other applications. 5. Effective-Having the desired result.6. Efficient-performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort having and using requisite knowledge, skill, and industry competent capable 7. Management-The directors and managers who have the power and responsibility to make decisions and oversee an enterprise. 8. The size of management can range from one person in a small organization to hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large organizations, the board of direct ors defines the policy which is then carried out by the chief executive officer, or CEO. Some people agree that in order to evaluate a companys current and future worth, the most important factors are the quality and experience of the managers9. Perishable-goods that can lose its usefulness and value if not appropriately stored or transported, or if not utilized within certain period. 10. Periodic- a type of Inventory Control System in which merchandise purchases are recorded in the purchases account, and the inventory account balance is updated only at the end of each accounting period 11. Perpetual- a type which has traditionally been associated with companies that sell small numbers of high-priced items, but the development of modern scanning and computer technology has enabled almost any type of merchandiser to consider using this system. 12. Integrated- Strategy aimed at unifying different marketing methods such as mass marketing, one-to-one marketing, and direct marketing. Its objective is to complement and reinforce the market impact of each method, and to employ the market data generated by these efforts in product development, pricing, distribution, customer service, etc. 13. Information- Data that is (1) accurate and timely, (2) specific and organized for a purpose, (3) presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and (4) can lead to an increase in understanding and reduction in uncertainty14. Process- Sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, at every stage, consume one or more resources (employee time, energy, machines, money) to convert inputs (data, material, parts, etc.) into outputs. These outputs then serve as inputs for the next stage until a known goal or end result is reached. 15. Accessibility- Extent to which a consumer or user can obtain a good or service at the time it is needed Ease with which a facility or location can be reached from other locations 16. Storage- Non-transitory, semi-permanent or long -term, containment, holding, leaving, or placement of goods or materials, usually with the intention of retrieving them at a later time. It does not include the interim accumulation of a limited inwardness during processing, maintenance, or repair.17. Software component- A software component is a unit of composition with contractually specified interfaces and explicit context dependencies only. A software component can be deployed independently and is subject to composition by third parties 18. Packaging- Processes (such as cleaning, drying, preserving) and materials (such as glass, metal, paper or paperboard, plastic) employed to contain, handle, protect, and/or transport an article. lineament of packaging is broadening and may include functions such as to attract attention, assist in promotion, provide machine identification (barcodes, etc.), impart essential or additional information, and help in utilization. See also packing.19. Shipping- The process of transporting an item, u sually through the mail. Shipping is a very basic, common way of getting an item from one place to another, or from one person to another. 20. Franchise- Commerce (1) A privilege granted to make or market a good or service under a patented process or trademarked name. (2) A business operating under such privilege. 21. Fast food chain- a chain of restaurants serving inexpensive food, such as hamburgers and fried chicken, prepared and served quickly.

Hephaestus, the Master Craftsman

Hephaestus, the Greek graven image of fire, is close to revered for his archetype artificership. In realizes of cheat he is usually depicted as a middle-aged smith working in his forge, often making a thunderbolt for genus Zeus. Born of Hera alone, he was cast down as a baby from Olympus by his mother for his defective ugliness and fell for a whole day before he hit the ground. Nine years after he was thrown from the paradises, he returned to Olympus and became one of the twelve Olympian Gods. With Zeuss favor, he was able to conjoin Aphrodite, the goddess of love, who sadly never returned the love he gave to her.Hephaestus was loved by the mortals for his kindness and he had an important role in Athens a immenseside genus Athene. Nearly each weapon, piece of equip, or building of any importance was crafted by Hephaestus. Hephaestus, rejected by his mother for his ugliness, helped countless mortals and gods, married Aphrodite, and rose to Olympus to become the master crafts man honored by all. Hephaestus is the god of fire but only in its positive and useful aspect. This alike includes everything that is accomplished by fire. Therefore, any fire that destroys or damages is non attributed to him (Berens 73).He, being a smith, is the protector of smiths, both goldsmiths and blacksmiths and jewelers. Also as a master builder he is the god of builders, masons, and carp shows (Graves 15). He is also considered to be the god of volcanoes because this is where it was believed his forges were located. Inside his forges, he uses Cyclopes as his helpers because they have a natural talent for forging (Bolton 178). Not only is Hephaestus a smith, he is also an architect, craftsman, and an artist (Bulfinch 13). In fact, he is cognise as the master craftsman (Hansen 185).He makes nearly everything that the gods want from their weapons and armor, to their homes, palaces and transports (Hamilton 36). Hephaestus is an ugly god. He is often illustrated with grotesqu e seventh cranial nerve features and malformed legs but with massive upper body strength. Usually he is shown wielding a hammer and working on a weapon or fair game of some kind (Berens 76). In other depictions of art, items often associated with work, such(prenominal) as an axe, a mule, and a pilos, otherwise known as a workmans hat, are used to represent him (Hansen 186). Hesphaestus is also represented by the quail.This birds strange dance in the springtime is seen as similar to how Hephaestus hobbles when he walks (Graves 15). Several stories exist on how Hephaestus was born. While all stories agree that he was born to Hera, the goddess of marriage, they differ on when he was born and whether he had a amaze at all. Some say that he was born to Hera, alone, because she wanted to give consanguinity to a child by herself after Zeus solely gave birth to Athena (Martin 88). However, this is contradicted by the story that it was Hephaestus that helped Zeus give birth to Athena by splitting Zeuss head open to allow Athena to pop out.Therefore, Hera could not have been jealous of Athenas single parent birth since Athena hadnt been born yet (Berens 21). This leads to the rumor where Hera had Hephaestus long before being married to Zeus (Martin 88). But the easiest explanation is that Zeus was indeed his father, and he was born before Athena (Bulfinch 15). After Hephaestus was born, Hera realized that he was ugly and crippled, and to unloose herself of such an embarrassment, she threw him off Olympus (Graves 86). He plummeted into the sea, and immediately he was saved by the sea-goddess Thetis.Thetis took him to an underground cave where she and an oceanide Eurynome took turns caring for and raising the young god (Hansen 183). For nine years he remained hidden in his secret, underground home. By the end of the nine years he was already an expert craftsman. He do elaborate items of jewelry, much to the delight of his care incurrs (Martin 89). He also made usefu l objects like clasps, pins, and cups (Hansen 184). While Hephaestus was living with Thetis in the underwater cavern, she told him stories of his birth mother, Hera. After earreach these stories, Hephaestus desperately wanted revenge on his mother for throwing him off Olympus.He began to work non-stop in his forge, leaving only for ambrosia and nectar. Some time later he emerged with a shining black and gold throne, his first masterpiece. Displayed across the entire throne were different fits depicting the stories of the gods. He requested that Thetis take the throne to Hera up on Mount Olympus as a gift. When the throne was placed in front of Hera, she admired it for a long time. After she sat down, she realized that she could not move. Invisible bands of force held her in place. She yelled frantically, move to escape but with no success.The other Olympians quickly came to her aid but none of them could release her either. They in brief came to the conclusion that a god had mad e the throne, but they did not know who could have made it (Martin 89). Thetis, who happened to still be there, explained to the gods who made the throne. Ares immediately volunteered to fetch Hephaestus, and aim off at once for the underwater cave. When Ares arrived, however, Hephaestus fought him off using flaming brands. Ares returned to Olympus empty handed and Hera began to fear that she would spend eternity stuck in a chair. fortuitously for Hera, Dionysus decided he would give it a try.He gathered an excessive amount of wine and traveled to the cave. He made no sign that he was trying to take Hephaestus to Olympus. Instead he gave Hephaestus the alcohol and soon had him so drunk that Hephaestus couldnt even walk. Dionysus then called upon his satyrs and donkey to escort Hephaestus back to Olympus in a grand parade of flute-playing and cymbal-smashing satyrs. Once they arrived at Olympus, Dionysus declared, on behalf of the drunken Hephaestus, that Hera could go only if Heph aestus was allowed to stay on Mount Olympus. Every god favored the harmony so Hephaestus unlocked the throne, congealting Hera free.From then on, Hephaestus the smith was one of the twelve Olympians (Martin 90). Many people wonder how Olympuss ugliest god became the husband to the most pretty goddess. There are several different explanations on how this happened. One story says that when Hephaestus first saw Aphrodite, he immediately fell in love with her and went slap-up to Zeus and Hera for permission to marry her. Since they both agreed, they became husband and wife (Bolton 178). Another story states that Zeus gave Aphrodite to Hephaestus in thanks for him forging his lightning bolts (Bulfinch 4).A different story explains that Zeus married them to keep Aphrodite out of trouble. He thought she needed a hardworking and disciplined husband, so he chose Hephaestus (Graves 16). Lastly, one theory says that Zeus set it up as revenge for when Aphrodite refused him as a lover (Bolto n 178). No matter how they got married, one thing is always agreed upon. Hephaestus loved Aphrodite, but Aphrodite never returned that love (Hansen 184). Aphrodite never loved Hephaestus because she thought it was shameful to have a crippled and hideous husband (Graves 17).So instead of being a loyal and sheepfold wife, Aphrodite had many affairs with gods as well as mortals. The most prominent affair was with Hephaestuss brother, Ares, the god of war. When Hephaestus found out about her affair with Ares, he became e sparely angry (Hansen 184). Helios came to Hephaestus and told him of the affair between Aphrodite and Ares. Hephaestuss immediate reaction was of rage and revenge (Hansen 184). He went to his smithy and crafted a pair of invisible and long-wearing chains. He took the chains and laid them over top of his bed, checking to see if it was concealed.Hephaestus told Aphrodite that he would be leaving on vacation to Lemnos and pretended to depart. As soon as Aphrodite though t he was gone, she summoned Ares to come. They laid down in Hephaestuss own bed and instantly became trapped (Hansen 185). Hephaestus then returned to his house and summoned all of the gods to come with him. There, he permit them view the humiliated and trapped lovers in bed (Bolton 180). Hephaestus explained to the gods how Aphrodite hated him for being crippled and loved Ares for being attractive. All the male gods commented on the scene and viewed it without disgust.Several of the goddesses, however, did not enjoy themselves as much as the male gods did (Hansen 185). Everyone laughed though, and made fun of Ares and Aphrodite, but some mocked Hephaestus as well (Bolton 180). Finally, with some pleading from Poseidon, Hephaestus let the embarrassed lovers go (Hansen 185). Hephaestus may have had some problems with his wife, but he was very popular among the mortals. He taught them smithing and the art of metalworking (Berens 74). Aside from that, he was known for being very helpf ul. Orion once came to Hephaestuss forge on Lemnos after being blinded.Hephaestus took pity on him and sent a guide to take him to Apollo. Because of his helpfulness, all the mortals honored him, and many of them worshiped him (Berens 73). He has temples on the volcanic Island of Lemnos and Mt. Maschylus (Graves 88). He also has a temple on Mount Etna and in Athens. To enter the temple on Mt. Etna, the mortals must pass fearsome hounds, who serve as guards. These hounds have the ability to smell if people are good or evil. With these special guards, only the clean and righteous souls can enter (Berens 76). His temple in Athens stands alongside the temple of Athena.In Athens he serves alongside Athena as the patron of handicrafts, specifically the guardian of the smiths (Hamilton 37). Hephaestus, being the master craftsman, made a great deal of objects for the good of mankind. Many times he helped heroes on their quests, such as Hercules, Aeneas, and Achilles. For Hercules, Hephaestu s crafted several gifts. First, he constructed an enormous pair of clappers that were somewhat like cymbals. Hercules used these to scare the Stymphalide birds (Berens 286). He made a golden breastplate on Hercules behalf (Hansen 185).Lastly, he sent Hercules a golden quiver as a gift for when he became famous among the gods (Berens 282). For Aeneas, he crafted an impressive set of armor at the request of his goddess-mother (Bulfinch 155). Aeneas used the armor to defeat Turnus in battle. Finally, to the hero Achilles, he gave a set of impenetrable armor after Thetis, Achilles mother, asked him to help her son. Achilles had alienated his previous armor and needed a replacement to protect him in his search for Hector. When Hephaestus was visited by Thetis and heard her request, he set all other work aside to complete it (Bulfinch 121).Besides helping mortals, Hephaestus had other responsibilities. As the master craftsman, he solely designed and built the numerous palaces on Mount O lympus. These included the wonderful palace of Zeus and Hera at the peak of Olympus to the palaces of every other Olympian god to even the majestic thrones that sat in each (Berens 20). Again, being the master craftsman, he built many other things. For mighty Zeus, he made the shield, Aegis and constantly replenishes his supply of thunderbolts (Bulfinch 2). To Artemis he gave armor and arrows to help her on her hunts (Bolton 178).Some of his superior works were built for Apollo, the god of the sun. These included the magnificent palace of the sun in the east, as well as Apollos own Sun chariot (Bulfinch 23). Hephaestus lived through his harsh and misfortunate creation to become a well respected god, loved for his kindness and honored by the humans and gods that he help in numerous ways. Ordinary man chose the common quail, whose springtime dance is like his limping walk, to represent him. When he was born, his ugliness caused Hera to cast him off Olympus to rid herself of the emb arrassment.Thetis took him in, raised him, and he later returned to Olympus in revenge to Hera. Aphrodite became his wife although her loyalty was to Ares, Hephaestuss brother, and not to her husband. Hephaestus was honored by having temples in Athens and on Mt. Etna. The most marvelous works known to gods or mortals were created by Hephaestus. Even though Hephaestus is the ugliest god on Olympus, he became one of the most popular in heaven as well as on earth by happily aiding humans and kindly assisting his fellow gods alike.

The Golden Age

Many parents and lawmakers argue that enforcing a law against physical discipline such as spanking would be much too difficult to enforce. It would essentially be placing police in eitherones supporting rooms as they would need to investigate all cases of spanking, no matter how minor. police force officers already have their hands full dealing with adults who beat, torture, and difficultly exclaim their tikeren. (spanking should not be illegal) Parents are not stupid, they know the difference between abuse nd spanking and can safely punish their child without falling into the miscellanea of child abuse.This is a valid argument, law enforcement really couldnt investigate every claim of corporal punishment. However by making spanking illegal it would be easier to conquer help to children who are abused. Most of the time spanking isnt sodding(a) enough to cause harm to the child. But in some cases where the parent is under a dowery of stress or under the influence of drugs o r alcohol spanking can and does cause harm to the child, not Just physically but emotionally as well.By making it illegal it gives law enforcement the fortune to uncover cases of real abuse when before they couldnt investigate because it was Just spanking. Not knowing to what full point of force is existence used against the child. Many parents and lawmakers argue that enforcing a law against physical discipline such as spanking would be much too difficult to enforce. It would essentially be placing police in everyones living rooms as they would need to investigate all cases of spanking, no matter how minor.Police officers already have their hands full dealing with adults who beat, torture, and severely abuse their children. (spanking should not be illegal) Parents are not stupid, they know the difference between abuse and spanking and can safely punish their child without falling into the classification of child abuse. This is a valid argument, law enforcement really couldnt inv estigate every claim of corporal punishment. However by making spanking illegal it would be easier to get help to children who are bused.Most of the time spanking isnt severe enough to cause harm to the child. But in some cases where the parent is under a lot of stress or under the influence of drugs or alcohol spanking can and does cause harm to the child, not Just physically but emotionally as well. By making it illegal it gives law enforcement the opportunity to uncover cases of real abuse when before they couldnt investigate because it was just spanking. Not knowing to what degree of force is being used against the child. stress or under the intluence ot drugs or alcohol spanking can and does cause abused. Most ot the time spanking isnt severe enough to cause harm to the child every claim ot corporal punishment. However by making spanking illegal it would be child without talling into the classification ot chil d abuse. This is a valid argument, should not be illegal) Parents ar e not stupid, they know the ditterence between abuse officers already nave their hands tull dealing witn adults who beat, torture, and force is being used against the child.

Relationship Between Regulation and Market Structures

The study of government regulation and the competitive surround for business is relevant to all those who study business. All business candidates indispensableness to understand how the competitive environment will imp process their employers and businesses. A- There are four major pieces of legislation known as the Antitrust Laws. After the U. S. accomplished War, local markets changed into national markets because of transportations were improved, mechanized production methods, and sophisticated corporate structures. In the 1870s and 1880s, m whatsoever firms became dominant in different industries like meat packing, railroads, coal, and tobacco.These firms often unite their industries and over charged its customers. The government formed laws called antitrust Acts to help control these behaviors. * Sherman Act of 1890 was formed to be brief and directly to the point * The government would check into organizations and companies suspected in violation of the Sherman trust act to limit monopoly. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, with both person or persons to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce shall be found guilty of a felony (as later amended from misdemeanor). The Clayton Act of 1914 contained the desired elaboration of the Sherman Act. * Outlaws impairment discrimination when such discrimination is not justified on the basis of cost differences and when it reduces competition.* Prohibits tying contracts, in which a company requires that a buyer bribe another of its products as a condition to purchase the desired product. * Prohibits the acquisition of stocks of competing corporations when the outcome would be less competition. * Prohibits a director of one firm to act as a board member of another firm where the effect would be reduced competition. The federal official trade commission act of 1914 * The act gave the Federal Trade commission (FTC) the agency to investigate any competitive practices at the request of any firms or on its own initiative to discover any unfair competition in the industry. * The Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950 The Celler-Kefauver Act amended the Clayton Act, Section 7. It prohibits the merger of firms by acquiring tis stock. The Act closed the loophole by making accredited that one firm does not obtain the physical assets of another firm when the effect can reduce competition.B- The intended subroutine of industrial regulation as it applies to the following market structures 1. Oligopoly is small groups of firms control the market. For example AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile control the cell phone industry. Industrial regulation is used to reduce the market power of Oligopolies, to prevent collusion (where small firms secretly set prices) and increase market competition. 2. Monopoly is where one company control prices in the market where there no reticence to the product. Industrial regulations are used to prevent companies from monopolizing in given markets.C - The major functions of the three pristine federal and state regulatory commissions that govern industrial regulation. 1- The federal button regulatory commission in 1930 is the jurisdiction of electricity, gas, gas pipelines, oil pipelines, and water powered sites. The major function of the federal energy regulatory is to nonplus the transmission and sale of natural gas, oil pipelines, and wholesale of electricity. There are other functions that involve license and inspect hydroelectric projects and monitor and investigate energy markets. The federal communications commission was formed in 1934 in the jurisdiction of Telephones, television, cable television, radio, telegraph, CB radios, and ham operators. The major functions of the federal communication commission include touch on applications for licenses, analyzing complaints, conducting investigations, developing and implementing regulatory programs, and taking part in hearings 3- resign public utility commission is forme d in the jurisdiction of electricity, gas, and telephones.The major function of State public utility commission is to regulates the rates and services of a public utility that include water, gas, and electricity D- Social regulation is intended to deal with the broader involve of business on consumers. The government established several agencies including equal employment chance commission and health administration protect consumers from businesses in the late 60s.The purpose of social regulation is for the government to oversee the safety and quality of goods or products as well as the conditions of these products are manufactured. E- There are five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation. 1- Food and drug administration (1906) has the jurisdiction and function over safety and effectiveness of food, drugs, and cosmetics. 2- Equal employment opportunity commission (1964) has the jurisdiction and function over hiring, promoting, and discharge of workers . Occupational safety and health admiration (1971) has the jurisdiction and function over industrial health and safety. 4- environmental protection agency has the jurisdiction and function over water, air, and noise pollution 5- Consumer product safety commission has the jurisdiction and function of safety of consumer products As a company, studding the law can help in saving money, time and efforts to stay productive in the market. All business candidates need to understand how the competitive environment will impact their employers and businesses.

Certified Specialist of Wine Review

Maps Review France study AOC Wine Producing Regions Champagne, Alsace, Burgundy, Rhone Valley, Provence, Languedoc, Bordeaux, Loire Valley Chris and Bored Raj Played Little Balls Loudly Major filchographical Features Massif rally ( Central highlands of the country), Alsp in SE, Loire, Garonne, Dordogne , Rhone and Rhine Rivers and Vosges Mountains NE France Shields vineyards of Alsace , Champagne and Chablis Mediterranean climate Rousillion, Languedoc, Provence and Rhone Regions Red Grapes dominant Full Bodied, reclaim acidityMaritime Climate Western part of France, Loire Valley White Grapes dominate high acidic, humbled to medium body, low in alcohol White Grape Varieties 1) UGNI BLANC ( Trebbiano), chardonnay grape, Sauv Blanc, Melon de Bourgogne ( Muscadet), Muscat ( Vin Doux Naturales), Chenin Blanc Red Grape Varieties 1) MERLOT ( Bordeaux and Languedoc), Grenach, Syrah ( N. RHONE), Carignan, CAB ( Bordeaux), machine politician Frank ( tolerates cool weather Loire), Gam ay, Pinot Noir ( Burgundy), Cinsaut ( blending grape of South), Pinot Meunier ( other Red grape of Champagne), Mourvere ( Languedoc & Provence)Vin de Table, Vin de Pays, VDQS, AOC (300, ? of French Wine) Bordeaux Highlights ( SW FRANCE) know for Long Lived, High Quality Reds & Sweet White Dessert Wines Varieties Melot, hack writer, Cab Frank, Malbec & Petit Verdot, Garonne and Dordogne Rivers form the GIRONDE, flows into Atlantic River divided region in 3 Sections 1) go away Bank West a. Upper End Left Bank Reds Cab Territory, Medoc Region Worlds exquisitest b. Sweet White Wines comes from Sauternes on Left Bank, Botrytis go over/ Noble Rot 2) Right Bank East . Upper End Right Bank Reds Top Quality, Long Lived Reds i. Pomeral & St. Emilion AOCs 3) Entre Deux Mers a. Dry White Wine Area Graves, Area of Left Bank northeasterly is called MEDOC, south and west of the city is called GRAVES Most White Varietals ar found here Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon, muscatel Bordeaux AOC vs Bordeaux Superior Can be used for Red and Sweet White, tighter restrictions, older vines ,lower yields, several months of aging, higher tokenish ripeness at harvest, half degree higher alcoholMEDOC Four of the most esteemed villages St. Estephe, Pauillac, St. Jullien, Margaux GRAVES Sauternes Sweet Wines, Pesac Leoganan scattered off from Graves to establish its own identity most highly regarded Ch. Of District Bordeaux Classifications Top aim Premier CRU comprised of 4 Chateaus Haut Brion (Graves ), Lafite Rothschild, Latour & Margaux , WHITES FIRST SUPERIOR GROWTH = Chateau d Yquem St. Emilion Grand Cru only classification organization on Right Bank Grang Cru Class and Premier Grand Cru Classe Ch.Ausone and Ch Cheval Blanc Category A RANKING LOIRE vale Loire River = Longest River in France, Flows NORTH Known for Crisp White Wines, Light Red Wines and some Fine Sweet & Sparkling Valley Divides into Three Winegrowing regions, West to East Pays Nantais ( Nantes C ounty) Chilly maritime Climate, Melon de Bourgogne ( muscadet), 4 MUSCADET AOCs Central Loire ( Anjou and Touraine) Humidity remains high from sea, Botrytis Development, Chenin Blanc & Sauvignon Blanc, Cab Frank for Reds and Roses, Malbec / Cot, Grolleau and Gamay FINES BULLES ( Fine BUBBLES) Specialty here, make in Traditional Champagne Method but uses Chenin Blanc and either Cabs as Main Ingredients Anjou AOC ( primarily Cab Frank), Raose d Anjou ( Rose/Mainly Grolleau ) Cabernet DAnjou ( 2 Cabs ony), Rose de Loire ( Dry Rose) Sweet dessert wines are the specialty , botrytis favors conditions Coteaux de Layon AOC Subregions are Bonnezeaux and Quarts-de- Chaume ( ascorbic acid % Chenin Blanc), Premier Dry White Appelation = Savennieres ( 100 % Chenin Blanc) SAUMUR Known for its sparkling wines Chief citation of Grapes for Cremant de Loire Sparkling wine TOURRAINE Bourgueil & Chinon regions that are known for excellent red wines , 90 % Cab Frank , Vouvray uses 100 % Chen in Blanc and can be dry or sweet, also Montlois Su Loire produces similar wines Sancerre & Pouilly Fume 100 % Sauvignon Blanc Wines, Also Pinot Noir east , Upper Loir ,( Sancerre/Pouilly Fume) Continental climate, Sauvignon Blanc- minerally with high acidity and fine aromatics , flinty soil makes SMOKIER flavor champagne Four Zones Montagne de Reims ( Chard), Vallee de La Marne (Pinot Meunier &Pinot Noir), Cote des Blancs (Chardonnay), Cote des Bar (Pinot Noir) Kimmerdigian Clay In Cote de Bar Region, Clay created during the Jurassic period, Chalky soil formed by Microscopic Shellfish High Water Retention capacity, disturb retention and heat reflection Chardonnay, Pinot Noir & Pinot MeunierChampagne way of lifes Non Vintage ( Blend of Wines from Several Vintages MUST age for 1 stratum on lees in the bottle), Vintage (Single Year Harvest min 3 years aging), Prestige Cuvee (Top of clientele produced by Champagne House), Blanc de Blancs (Chard), Blanc de Noirs, Rose Dry t o Sweet Brut, Extra Dry, Sec, Demi Sec, Doux ALSACE NE Corner of France, Vosges Mnt & Rhine River ,Lies Across German Region of Baden, Cold Continental Climate, Dry because of shadow of Vosges Grape Varieties Reisling, Gewurtztraminer, Pinot Gris & Pinot Noir 2 Styles of Dessert Wines ) Selection de Grapes Nobles Sweet, Sauternes Style , Botrytized Wine 2) Vendange Tardive Late harvest grapes, may or may not be touched by Botrytis Alsace AOC 100 % of any of the following Riesling, Gewurtztraminer, Pinot Gris, Auxerrios, Pinot Noir, Sylvaner, Muscat and Chasselas Blends of these varieties are called EDELZWICKER CREMANT D ALSACE AOC sparkling wine Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Auxerrois BURGUNDY Known for elegant, silky and complex Pinot Noirs and complex dry white wines from Chardonnay Distinct Vineyard Areas Chablis ( Makes calm wine) Cote d Or Lies SW of city of DIJON Divided into 2 Segments Cote de Nuits North (Pinot NOIR DOMINATES), Cote de Be aune South Cote Chalonnaise Macconnais (Gamay) Grape Varieties Chardonnay & Pinot Noir CLAIM TO FAME, Gamay, Aligote (Minore white Variety of BURGUNDY) Burgundy Wine Styles All Dry and Still, Moderate in Alcohol, Acidity & tannin , worldly concerniness, Oak Aging is Norm, South of Chablis Chardonnay is Richer and Less Acidic, Cotes d Or Wet Earth Wine Style

BIBL 104

Matthew is the send-off of the quartet gospels of the wise Testament. Largely narrative material, this first gospel serves as the connection between the h singlest-to- rock-steadyness and New Testaments, providing an at a lower placestanding of how Jesus fulfilled all the respective(a) prophecies about his coming that argon run aground in the Old Testament. Possibly indite in the A. D. 70s, though some believe it could rent been writ 10 ten to twenty years earlier, the gospel of Matthew covers the entire span of Jesus flavour, death, and resurrection, concluding with Jesus better-looking the disciples their mission of going out and propagate head the word of God.Geared primarily towards Jewish readers, the determination of the school guard was to propose them with irrefutable proof that the considerable-awaited Messiah had come to usher in the kingdom of God on Earth. ringer The atomic number 16 of the quaternary gospels, the gospel of Mark is largely narrative an d goes at a fast pace. dissimilar the gospel of Matthew, which begins with the birth of Jesus and progresses through his life, Mark begins with buns the Baptist prophesying about Jesus, followed by the baptism of Jesus by antic. It progresses from this point on to the end of his life.The focus of the text is on the many parables Jesus told and the miracles he performed during his stream of ministry, which lasted a total of three years. The text was pen by joke Mark, son of a widow woman in Jerusalem whose home was most belike a meeting place for early rescuerians, who got his data from the disciple Peter. Written possibly as early as A. D. 50 and as late as A. D. 65, the text has a distinctly non-Jewish feel to it, and thus may have been written for Christians in Rome.Mark wrote it with the aim of whirl encouragement to these Christians, who were twinge at the hands of the popishs, crossly the emperor. Mark, through his writings, presents Jesus as the suffering Messiah , as easy as the Savior of the entire world, regardless of race or religion. Luke The third of the four gospels, the gospel of the Luke is largely narrative, and is the most elaborate in regards to the details of the life of Jesus. It begins with the prophecy regarding the birth of John the Baptist, progressing from that point on to the events surrounding the birth, life, and death of Jesus.Luke has the widest range of information with regard to the parables, miracles, and teachings of Jesus. Some of the more old(prenominal) parables include the parable of the sower, the parable of the Good Samaritan, the parable of the ten virgins, the parable of the prodigal son, and the parable of the ten talents. Some of the more familiar miracles include the healing of the Roman centurions servant, the feeding of the five thousand, the transformation of water into wine, the raising of Lazarus, and the raising of daughter of Jairus. Possibly written between A. D.59 to 63, or maybe xv to twe nty years later, the goal Luke had in writing this gospel was to put forth the message that the bed of God is not just for Jews, and for everyone who believes in him. John The final of the four gospels, the gospel of John is largely narrative. It is believed that it was written quondam(prenominal) between A. D. 80 and 95. However, there are those who believe that it was written as early as the A. D. 50s and no later than A. D. 70. Like Mark, John begins his gospel with John the Baptist baptizing Jesus, and progressing from this point on up to the death and resurrection of Jesus.Written at a time when non-Jewish followers of Jesus were being bombarded with the Greek hypothesis that Jesus was divine but not truly human, the purpose of this gospel being written was so that the large number would believe that Jesus truly was the Son of God, and that he was the word made into flesh. One wearicular aspect that sets this gospel apart from the other three is the inclusion of several s ermons Jesus gave during his three-year ministry, none of which are found in the other three gospels. Acts Written by Luke round A. D.63 to 70 to Theophilus, who may have been a particular person or a diagnoseence to the Christians in general, the book of Acts is largely historic narrative written in the form of a earn. Covering the period from Pentecost, as well as the early stages of the disciples going out and preaching the word of God, the text back end be viewed as the law of continuation to the Gospels. Within it is an explanation by Luke regarding the incredible growth of the early Christian church, as well as a discussion regarding the source of conflict between Jewish and non-Jew Christians, both of whom would be brought unitedly eventually through their mutual revel of Christ.One of the key events deep down the text is the martyrdom of the disciple Stephen, at once k todayn as Saint Stephen. He is one of many that Luke writes about who die for their belief in Chri st. Romans The book of Romans is the first of xiii earn, or epistles, written by the apostle capital of Minnesota to various non-Jewish Christian communities, in which he offers them advice and expounds on the teachings of Christ. Written one-time(prenominal) in A. D. 57, and largely narrative conversation, it was pitch to the mostly Gentile followers of Christ living in Rome.His goal in writing this particular letter was three-fold. First, he wanted to introduce himself to the Christian biotic comm iodin in Rome and garner their alleviate in airing the gospel. Second, he wanted to develop, expand, and defend the gospel message he was preaching. Finally, he wanted to encourage the Roman Christians to depend solely on God for their salvation. In this way, they would better benefit and at a lower placestand that they can stick functioneous and be transformed through believing in Christ. To that end, the main themes of the text are conviction, grace, righteousness, and jus tification.As a result, this text best serves those seeking spiritual renewal, and played a pivotal role in the exploitation of the belief held by Martin Luther that faith alone justifies and thus in the Protestant Reformation, which forever changed Christianity. 1 Corinthians The mho of long dozen letter offering advice and elaborate on the teachings of Christ, Paul wrote this letter to the Christian comm whiz in Corinth around A. D. 54 to 55. Within two to three years later starting the Christian friendship in Corinth, Paul got word that there was a great atomic pile of strife within the new-fashioned church.There were those who had become spiritually arrogant, which in turn led to problems such as sexual misconduct, mistreatment of lad believers, plague of spiritual gifts, and a general misconstruing of the basic teachings of Christ. Thus, Paul wrote this letter to patron restore balance to the young Christian comm consent, giving them simple and straightforward advi ce on what needed to be done to restore one within their church. Thus, the text contains information concerning Christian living, relationships within the church, spiritual gifts, love, and the teachings of Christ all of which are pacify relevant today.2 Corinthians The third of thirteen letters offering advice and dilate on the teachings of Christ, this was a follow-up letter written to the Corinthian Christian community around A. D. 55. Due to an uprising within the community, Paul felt obliged to write this letter to accomplish the following the calming of various disagreements within the community, the restoration of unity within the community, and the reestablishment of Pauls role as the organizeer of the community.Various themes covered in the text include the following how to handle dissension within the church, fictional teaching, church attractership, the p washy of other Christian communities, and financial meet of the church and the poor. Paul in like manner di scusses the hopes, fears, and assurances he has for the Corinthian church and their relationship with God. Galatians The fourth of thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, the letter was written by Paul to the Christian community in Galatia, a Roman province in what is now central Turkey. Written around A.D. 48 to 53, just under 25 years afterwards Jesus was on Earth, the letter was meant to denounce and sort the false teachings cropping up in the churches that Paul and his fellow disciple Barnabas had established. The letter was also written by Paul as a method of defending his integrity as an apostle of Christ, which had been questioned and attacked, and also to reassert the love he had for the Galatians. This text goes back to the basics of Christianity and its teachings, focusing on what the gospel is, how it is deliverd, and how it can be apply to daily living.Paul accomplishes through a variety of techniques, such as illustrations from his life and that of Abraham, to encourage the Galatians to return to the sodding(a) gospel and avoid the legalism that false teachers were pushing on them. Ephesians The fifth of thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, it was written by Paul sometime during his imprisonment in Rome, around A. D. 60 to 62. The goal was to provide encouragement to the Christians of Ephesus to view themselves in a whole new way.They had once been idol-worshipers, involving in hedonist activities and adhering to foolish philosophies. Now, Paul wanted them to realize that they were people in Christ. The text provides insight into what God wants for his followers, stresses unity within the church and among its believers, and provides the usual practical advice with regard to Christian living. Philippians The sixth of thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, it was written by Paul around A. D. 60 to 62, while Paul was under house arr est awaiting trial regarding an appeal to the Emperor Nero.Philippi was the first place in European that Paul had begun a church, sometime around A. D. 50. He eventually moved on, but the people continued to communicate their devotion to him by offering aid to him whenever they could. Thus, when he was under house arrest, they sent him money to help with his living expenses. The letter was written to thank them for the help, as well as to warn them against false teachers and to neural impulse them to be more unified. The text also contains one of the most prominent psalms of the Bible regarding cheering to and for Jesus (25-11).Finally, it contains practical advice to help one reshape his or her thinking according to the ways of God. Colossians The seventh of thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, it was also written during the time Paul was under house arrest. Geared toward the small Christian community founded by Epaphras, one of Pauls disc iples, in the small city of Colosse, the goal of the letter was emphasize the supremacy of Christ, which was being challenged by the appearance of a new religious philosophy called Gnosticism.This new philosophy was a mixture of Christian, Jewish and pagan beliefs that were author to take hold. Pauls intention was to score it clear that the nature, identity, deity, and authority of Christ were unquestionable and unparalleled. different aspects also touched(p) on in the text include the various ways that one can develop and mention attitudes and actions that honor Christ. 1 Thessalonians The octetteh of thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, this letter was written by Paul sometime around A. D. 50 to the Christian community in Thessalonica.Founded during his second missionary journey, Paul had been forced to leave the community due to violence and opposition against him. When he later received news of how well the community was thriving, he wrote this letter to them to commend them on their success, but also to advise them to clear up any misunderstandings that existed. The text thus provides guidelines on how Christians can have it off a holy life even if surrounded by hostility to their religious beliefs. It also touches on the aspect of eternal life, offering clues about the end times and the return of Christ to the Earth.2 Thessalonians The ninth of thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, this second letter was written not too long after the first. Paul wrote it due to the impression he got that the Thessalonicans needed an extra dose of his advice with regard to their community. some(prenominal) themes are touched upon in this letter suffering, work, and the end times. This letter, in conjunction with the first one, provide for Christians then and now, a great deal of information with regard to what will happen in the end times.It could be said to be a precursor to the book o f Revelations, which goes into greater detail about the end times. Finally, the text reminds all Christians that, though our earthly life is terminal, we have the hope of living eternally with Christ. 1 herds grass The tenth of thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, this letter is different in that it was geared toward on specific person rather than a whole community. Timothy was a protege of Pauls, and was now the leader of a small Christian community that was going through difficult times.Written presently after Paul was released from jail sometime around A. D. 63 to 65, the letter offered Timothy specific guidelines on how to cabal and run the church, as well as offered various practical solutions with regard to believers developing stronger relationships among themselves, as well as with their leaders and the world at large. Thus, the ultimate theme of the text is that a church requires unity in order to survive and prosper. 2 Timothy The eleventh of thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, this second letter to Timothy was written around A. D.66 to 67, when Paul was once again in a Roman prison. This time, however, it was clear he would die in that prison. As a result, many of the people who had supported him had now turned away from him. This letter, then, is considered to be one of the last written by Paul. In it, he represents his concern not just for Timothy, but also for the Christian churches overall. He offers encouragement to the faithful, discusses various teachings of Christ and events that will occur in the last days of time, and ends with him giving Timothy his assignment to spread the word of God and closing remarks. TitusThe twelfth of thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, it was written to Titus by Paul sometime between A. D. 63 to 65, during his travels following his first release from prison. Titus was a protege of Paul, and had helped him start, organize, and lead several churches passim the eastern half of the Roman Empire. The letter contains advice for Titus, who was now a young leader of a troubled church on the island of Crete. In it, Paul tells Titus to renounce and ignore all false teachers, to work for the unity of his church, and to find good leaders for the church.It also provides guidelines for living a godly life, and emphasizes the condition of faith with regarding to overcoming the problems of division and disharmony within the church. Finally, it puts forth the point that does who persevere in the face of fuss will reap the benefits and rewards of their perseverance. Philemon The last of the thirteen letters offering advice and expounding on the teachings of Christ, it was written to Philemon by Paul between A. D. 60 and 62, while he was in prison. Philemon was a wealthy Christian who was part of the church at Colosse. One of his slaves Onesimus had run away from him.This uniform slave had come in amour with Paul while both were in a Roman prison. While there, Onesimus became a follower of Christ. after this, Paul decided to send the young man back to his former master, along with this letter intercommunicate for Philemon to forgive Onesimus. The hope Paul had was that Philemon would become a living example of the grace that all Christians receive through Christ. Thus, the text provides a riveting tale of the cost of asking for and granting forgiveness. It also rises how important it is for Christians to realize they are all equal and acceptable in the eyes of Christ.Hebrews Hebrews is the first of viii spare letters within the New Testament. Written between A. D. 60 and 70, the author is not identified. Possible suggestions could be Paul, Barnabas, Luke, or Apollos. The purpose of the letter was to warn the early Jewish believers in and followers of Christ, who were suffering continual persecution, against throwback back to their Old Testament way of life. Throughout the letter, the author uses vivid illustrations from the Old Testament to demonstrate what God had done through Christ.There are strong emotional appeals to the Hebrews, the name initially used to refer to the Jews before they were called Israelites, to maintain the new covenant they had with Christ rather than chase away back to the old one that had been made in the days of Noah, Abraham, and Jacob. These various connections and contrasts between the Old and New Testaments are meant to demonstrate the favorable position of Christ and the new covenant made with him. Ultimately, the letter is meant to inspire all who read it to maintain their faith in Christ in all situations.James James is the second of eight additional letters within the New Testament. It is come-at-able that this was the first book of the New Testament to have been written, sometime between A. D. 40 and 50. The letter was geared to the twelve tribes, and this could mean either the people of Isr ael that had now become followers of Christ or the church in a symbolic sense. It was meant to warn them against some of the habits they had developed which were undermining them favoritism, slander, pride, the misuse of wealth, and impatience.The ultimate goal of the letter was to demonstrate that, though one can believe in Christ, it is still possible to live the wrong way. However, it also shows that it is possible to turn belief in the right doctrine into right living. 1 Peter This first letter written by Peter is the third of eight additional letters within the New Testament. Composed sometime between A. D. 60 to 64, and geared to the Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor (modern Turkey), the letter was meant to encourage the early Christians in the face of the continual persecution they were facing.This persecution had scattered them, thus spreading their belief in Christ however, some were beginning to feel abandoned by God. To understand why they would feel this way, th e letter must be placed in its historical setting. When Christianity first emerged, the Roman organisation had allowed early Christians the same type of religious freedom they allowed the Jews. However, as tensions grew between Jewish and Christian beliefs, the margin for Christianity began decreasing. This decreased tolerance led to the Roman governments persecution of Christians, including Peter, who endured imprisonment and beatings for his faith.Thus, the goal of the letter is to demonstrate how faith is tested through suffering, and can be strengthened by it. 2 Peter This second letter written by Peter is the fourth of eight additional letters within the New Testament. It was geared to the same people Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor and was written in Rome sometime between A. D. 64 and 68. This time, the purpose of the letter was to warn the people against false teachers that had begun to infiltrate various Christian communities.In doing so, Peter hoped that the warning would prevent the Christians from being taken in by the false teachings, and instead uphold true and faithful to the word of God. Several key themes can be found throughout the letter the need and importance of developing a Christian character, the importance of holding on to the truth, warnings against false teachers and prophets, and advice on how to live a life that is based on the return of Christ to Earth. 1 John The first of a series of letters written by John, who also wrote one of the four gospels, it is the fifth of eight additional letters within the New Testament.Written sometime in the A. D. 80s, when John was an old man, the letter was geared to a group of Christian communities near Ephesus. These communities were part of a springing up of Christian communities emerging after the first major wave of persecution Christians endured during the rule of the Roman Emperor Nero. Possibly the last surviving apostle, John wrote this to encourage these new Christian com munities, and also as a sort of history and examination of the gains and losses of the early Christian church.Some of the themes covered in the letter include the following the fact that God is the light and his followers must walk in that light to maintain a bond with him loving your fellow man as Christ taught having faith in the Son of God Christ and avoidance of anything that attempts to refute the teachings of God. He concludes by restating that Christians are the children of God, and that through Christ, we have an understanding of who God is and of the promise of eternal life he offers to those who believe in him. 2 JohnThe second of a series of letters written by John, it is the sixth of eight additional letters within the New Testament. It was most likely written shortly after the first letter, and was most likely meant to accompany the first letter. His goal in writing it was to help renew the commitment the Christians made to follow Christ by further exposure of false t eachings, and to also encourage them to remain faithful to God. Thus, many of the themes covered in the first letter are touched on within this short follow-up letter.Also, it is something of a challenge to those who believe in God to make sure they are firm in their faith. 3 John The last of a series of letters written by John, it is the seventh of eight additional letters within the New Testament. It was most likely written shortly after the second letter. However, unlike the first two geared to Christian communities in general, this letter is written specifically to Gaius, a friend of Johns. The letter served to commend Gaius for his faithful support of legitimate teachers, while warning him against the actions of a strong-minded leader by the name of Diotrephes.Again, many of the same themes touched on in the first letter are touched on in this letter. However, the uncreated focus is on walking in the light of God and living according to his teachings. Jude The last of eight ad ditional letters, it was written by Jude, the half-brother of Jesus and full brother of James. Composed sometime around A. D. 65 or possibly earlier, Jude wrote it because he was concerned about the possibility of Christians being drawn to and taken in by the many false doctrines being put forth at the time.Therefore, he urged believes to maintain and fight for the Christian faith. Although brief, the letter provides direct warnings against turning away from God, while also touching on the many promises a life lived in the word of God can offer. Revelation The final book of the New Testament, and of the Bible as a whole, this was most likely written by John sometime around A. D. 90 to 96. The book went to the seven Christian communities located in Asia Minor, to warn them against letting go of their faith in Christ.It also reassured them of the ultimate victory of those who remain faithful over those who prefer to live immorally. The text is considered to be apocalyptic narrative, due to its many prophecies. There is a great deal of imagery and symbolism, which are used to demonstrate how evil within the world will be replaced with the good and peacefulness of the kingdom of God. Thus, the ultimate message is that, ultimately, good will defeat evil, and the world will revert back to what it had been before Adam and Eve committed the first sin.