Dean College Essay Example for Free

Dean College EssayDuring my year at Dean College, obscure from putting efforts in enhancing my academic performance, I had been working as a peer tutor in the Learning Center. The Learning Center provides materials and information to kindle students learning skills, ability and their knowledge on the content of subjects. My role is to offer content assistance in the areas of Economics, English and Mathematics, but would often cross-tutor in several(prenominal) otherwise areas such as Criminal Justice, writing, and general study skills.Experiencing the success in assisting other students and receiving good feedbacks had gained me a really joyful work love as a peer tutor. I had a relatively different idea of being a peer tutor, since students usually went to the learning center for promptly review on their essays which were due shortly. I had been working hard in marketing strategies, w presentas creating an atmosphere of a place that they can spare their time here to concen trate, a place where combine the characteristics of library and private tutors.In this place, they can concentrate on their studies, with rich resources like computer stations, printers and reference books. Moreover, to make them finger more comfort adequate, they wont feel like they are being tagged as doing bad on academics, since tutors no longer wear stave tags. They will feel more authorisation on themselves in this way. I think that it is essential to create a certain sort of relationship pay off the bat with the person you are tutoring. It is important to make the student feel that we are also students that are continually learning and also unforced to contribute out ideas and point of view with them.There is a major difference between a peer tutor and a teacher. I confide that peer tutors do not judge and on top of that, they do not give out grades It is also easier for tutors to come out and say that they do not know all the answers. Many times, a student can have trou ble in class but never address these questions to their teachers for numerous different reasons. One of them could be because they are afraid of talking in front of a larger group of students. Another reason could be because they faculty feel that their question is stupid. These reasons could inhibit a student from learning and understanding the material.I think that as a peer tutor, I am able to help these students on a one-on-one basis. I think that my experiece gained from this job is very meaningful and has helped me a lot in the way to communicate with others in a more positive and encouraging way. Helping others makes me feel more satisfied with my performance and has definitely given me a lot more confidence that I can assist others even though I may have shortcomings. These students learn something from me as a peer tutor and on the other hand, I learn a lot of things from the students who have sought for my help.

Week 4 discussion questions Essay Example for Free

Week 4 discussion questions EssayDescribe a time when your assumption about a situation was incorrect. What do you think take to your incorrect assumption? How did your assumption interfere with your ability to think critic ally about the situation? A When I first became a student at the University of Phoenix I assumed that I would take physique in the morning once a week. What lead me to believe this assumption was that I cerebration it would be like any other normal college. This assumption affected my ability to think because I originally set my mind to morning mode, when class was night. Use your favorite Internet search engine to locate three automobile commercials. Identify a fallacy used in each commercial. How be these fallacies used in the commercials? Why do you think they were included? A in the first commercial Toyota Camery, they focus more on the acting ikon then promoting the Camary. They make it implementm like those situations happen.The second commercial w as a mustang commercial. the fallacy is that they make people believe that by having that care it makes you look chill out that way people can go out and buy it. The third was a fiat commercial, they say that the interest and payments are low and no accredit check, but once your in the dealer none of what the commercial promoted is applied. They do this type of advertisement to try an get the consumer to buy and to make the commercial arouse and so the audience is engaged.How might you use critical thinking to help someone who is struggling with low self-esteem and a low sense of self-worth to see beyond the media messages they receive on a daily basis? A The best thing that I can do to help someone is by giving them my self knowledge and what I know about it. that no one is perfect and there is no need to follow what celebertys do because its all show. We can then discuss this particular topic, then research about it and show what the consequences and lead to.In his inaugural sp eech, President Kennedy used means of ruling to win over his supporters and those who were possibly dissatisfied with his election. Suppose you opposed President Kennedys ideas and wanted to findfault with his speech. What steps would you take to evaluate his arguments? A I would carefully listen to what the speech is about and carefully go over it and find simple cons and consequences to a particular topic that he addresses or want s to make happen.Reading, re-reading, looking for main points, researching, questioning, and finding information that is opposed to what he thinks he can make happen. How do you think organism open to criticism might help you solve problems in your daily support? Being open to criticsm can help in my daily life because I can simply take that criticsm and use it in a positive way to improve myself in any situation.What types of questions would you use as you spill with her to help her make a decision based on critical thinking rather than emotion? Why are questions such a valuable aspect of critical thinking? A I would help her focus more on the facts and details rather than the emotional part on how she feels. afterward focusing on the facts she can develop feelings towards it that are positive. Asking questions are important because once they are answered they can change a persons perspective on a certain topic.

Celiac Disease: Symptoms, Causes and Effects

coeliac Disease Symptoms, Causes and EffectsINTRODUCTION TO CELIAC DISEASE (definition, overview)Celiac infirmity or coeliac sprue is a common affection that occurs in hatful digestive dodging. The people with this jibe take a leak adverse reaction to nutrient containing gluten. Gluten is a type of protein that commonly keep be nominate in three types of cereals such(prenominal) as wheat, rye and barley. It also bay window be found in food such as bread, pasta and biscuit. In the p posthumous of celiac disorder, the immune system of the remains treated one of substances that reconcile gluten, gliadin, as a threat to the body and negatively react to it. The immune system produces antibodies to fight the supposed to be harmful substance. This antibodies author surface the in runine fit inflamed, disrupting the ability of the body to absorb the nutrient from the food lead to malnourished condition to people with the celiac disorder. If this condition happened to infan t or toddler, it pass on befuddle them failed to thrive, in name of the weight and height. In archaicer, the malnourished condition can lead to late blooming.In United States, 1 in every century to 200 people has this condition1, while in UK it affects 1 in every 100 people2. The number competency be higher be practice some milder cases whitethorn go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed and treated as other disease. The disease may affect to all people at any age. Women with celiac disease ar two to three times higher than men3 from all the cases that were reported. The symptoms select high probability to develop during early childhood between 8-12 months old and ordinarily it plows several(prenominal) months before correct diagnosis is made or in later adulthood between ages of 40 to 60 years4.Due to adverse reaction to gluten, people with this condition should eliminate gluten in their sustenance.CauseThere is no exact science what conditions that can develop the celiac dise ase. The two condition that probably shit this is the genetic and environment. The risk is approximately 10% with family history5, comp bed with 1% person with no close relative that has this condition. In identical twin, the risk can go up to 85% if the other twin has this condition.6Other factor that can cause celiac disease is the environmental factor. Having previous infection in the digestive system or wrong victuals when someone was a children play part in developing celiac disease. Introduce gluten to the diet of less than three months old baby can append the risk of developing celiac disease. Experts agree that parents have to wait until their baby is six months old or older to publish gluten to the baby diet. When the baby is introduced to gluten, there is also high chance that they still develop celiac disease if they are non breastfeed.Some number of health conditions can also increase the risk to develop celiac disease such as ulcerative colitis inflammation of co lon cause by some digestive condition, type-1 diabetes and neurological disorders such as epilepsy.7SymptomAlthough celiac disease is hard to be recognized, there are several symptoms that may lead to celiac disease diagnosis. When a person eat food containing gluten, several conditions can be happenedIndigestionOccasional wobble in gut habit such as diarrhea or constipationBloating and flatulenceAnemia, a condition where someone lack iron in blood and cause tiredness, breathlessness and an irregular heartbeatAbdominal painLoss of appetiteWeight lossFeeling tired all the time as progeny of malnutritionChildren non growing to expected rate.Tingling and numb in the hands and feetVomiting, usually happen on childrenHair loss, usually happen on adultNote that the symptoms are often intermittent, start and stop interchangeably and sometimes appear unrelated to the diet and digestive symptoms.The symptom in mild case celiac disease sometimes unnoticeable, and is detected during testi ng for another disease. It is suggested that, although it is a mild condition, complication can still occur.The symptoms for severe celiac disease is the comparable as the regular symptom, except in to a greater extent severe level such as stomach cram, muscle spasm, diarrhea which often happen at night and swelling in the hand, feet, arms and legs caused by buildup of fluid or edema. The stools (feces) can also contain high levels of fat, which can make them greasy, foul feel and frothy. They also can make it hard to flush the toilet.IMPORTANCE OF READING ABOUT CELIAC DISEASEThe symptoms of celiac disease sometimes are not apparent. The cause of the disease for children can be harmful and cause long-term misemploy. If the disease is untreated, it can lead to malnourished because the body cannot digest the food in the right way. The body will feel tired and lack of energy. Malnutrition in children will lead to failure to grow at expected rate, in term of height and weight and for older children it can lead to delayed puberty.Because of the long term and damaging effect of celiac disease, proper knowledge of this condition should plump a common awareness. An untreated or undiagnosed celiac disease in a person that still eats gluten can cause more serious effect. Eating a tiny amount of gluten can trigger the symptoms of celiac disease and increase the possibility to develop complications such as osteoporosis, malnutrition, lactose intolerance and even malignant neoplastic disease.OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a condition where the arises become weak and brittle. The bones need mineral and vitamin to make it accompaniment strong. Because of the digestive condition of a person with celiac disease, the damaged intestines prevent it to absorb nutrient from the food that needed to be given to the bones. Osteoporosis usually has no symptoms, until someone had an accidental angle of dip or something similar and end up breaking a weakened bones. Osteoporosis can b e treated by consume enough vitamin D and calcium.MalnutritionThe damage in the intestines prevent is to absorb enough nutrient for the body. These malnutrition conditions can makes the body cannot function normally or recover in the event of infection or wounded. Severe malnutrition can cause fatigue, dizzy and confused. The muscles become languish and it is very difficult to keep the warm of the body. In children, the malnutrition can hamper the growth and late development. The malnutrition can be treated by additional supplement or consume enough calories in the diet.Lactose IntoleranceSomeone with celiac disease has high possibility to also develop lactose intolerance, where the body is not enough producing enzymes to digest draw sugar (lactose) found in dairy products. Celiac disease symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating and abdominal discomfort are caused by lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance does not damage the body, but rather cause the above discomfort, the gastrointe stinal symptoms, because the body cannot digest the lactose properly. Lactose intolerance can be treated by not drinking or eating dairy product. Additional supplement such as calcium might be needed because dairy product is one of the main sources of calcium for the body.malignant neoplastic diseaseIt is suggested in some research that having celiac disease can raise the possibility to develop certain type of cancer, including bowel cancer and lymphoma, cancer in the lymphatic system, part of the immune system. Based on research, it is estimated that people with celiac disease has two times higher possibility to develop bowel cancer than general population8. The highest risk to develop cancer is thought in the first year after diagnosis, and drop to normal after the gluten free diet take effect. Whether or not someone has celiac disease, it is important to be aware to the symptom of bowel cancer which includes un formulateed weight loss, blood in stools (feces) and change in the no rmal bowel habit lasting more than four weeks.SIGNIFICANCE OF A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO CELIAC DISEASEThe symptom of celiac disease sometimes unrecognizable or people think that it is the symptom to other disease. Take the right woo to find the disease and how to react to it seems necessary. The approach to celiac disease can be divided into two categories, the correct diagnosis and correct treatment.DiagnosisRoutine screening for celiac disease is not recommended unless someone has the potential to develop them. If someone have symptom that already explained above, then it is recommended to test for celiac disease. Testing is also recommended if someone have the pursuit conditionType 1 diabetesIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS)Underactive or overactive thyroid glandDermatitis herpetiformis, a skin condition that causes blisteringIn other circumstances, testing is also recommended if someone has this conditionAddision disease, where certain gland in the body are attacked by immune s ystemDown Syndrome, an subnormal physical and mental development that is caused by genetic conditionEpilepsyLymphoma, a type of cancerBone diseases such as rickets, the softening and weakening of the bonePersistent of unexplained constipationRepeated miscarriagesSjogrens Syndrome, a condition where the tear and saliva gland are attacked by the immune systemfood turner Syndrome, infertility and delayed growth affecting a woman because of a genetic conditionUnexplained fertilityThe screening to diagnose celiac disease involves two steps. The first step is the blood test, to function identify the people who may have celiac disease and then biopsy as the warrant test to stand that people have celiac disease.In the blood test, the general practitioner will take sample of the blood and then test it for antibodies that usually can be found in the bloodstream of people with celiac disease. Before and during the test, the people that will be diagnosed should not avoid gluten in their die t as this can lead to inaccurate test result. If the test is positive, mean that there is a celiac disease antibodies found the blood, it is recommend to take second step of the test, biopsy.Sometimes, someone has celiac disease but the blood test result is negative, mean that no antibodies found in the blood. If the symptoms of celiac disease keep coming, the doctor usually will recommend taking biopsy test.The second step, biopsy test usually carried out in a hospital and is performed by gastroenterologist, a specializer that treats any conditions in the stomach and intestines. Before the procedure, local anesthetic will be given to the patient to numb her throat or sedative to make her relax. An endoscope, a thin and flexible tube with a light will then is inserted in to her mouth and gently pass down to her small intestine. A tiny biopsy tool will be passed through the endoscope to takes sample of the lining in the small intestine. The sample will then be inspected under micros cope to confirm the presence of a celiac disease.If someone diagnoses with celiac disease, she may also need to take other test to assess how the celiac disease has abnormal the body so far. She may need to do another blood test to check the level of iron, vitamins and mineral in the blood. This test will support to determine whether she already has anemia due to poor digestion. A skin biopsy may need to be taken if she appears to develop dermatitis herpetiformis, a gluten intolerance condition marked by an itchy rash in the skin.I other cases, a DEXA scan may also being recommended. This test will particularly see the condition of the bones. The DEXA scan is some kind of X-ray to measure the bones density to see if she have the risk of bone fracture when she getting older. This test may necessary if the doctor suspects that the celiac disease has already affected the bone and cause osteoporosis.TreatmentThe simplest way to explain the treatment celiac disease is by move away fr om food contains gluten. Do not eat it even just a small amount of it. This action will prevent the damage of the lining in the intestines or gut that is caused by gluten, and its associated symptom such as diarrhea and stomach pain.Someone with celiac disease should avoid gluten in their diet for life because this protein, if is consumed will cause the symptom to comeback and cause long-term damage to the health. This may looks worrying and daunting, but help is always available from the doctor or dietician about how to manage the diet.Few weeks after starting gluten free diet, the symptom will improve considerably. However, it may take quite long time up to two years before the digestive system heal completely.As mentioned above, a dietician might be endorsed by the doctor to give advice about healthy diet without gluten. They will also help to check the balance of the nutrient in the newfangled diet. Someone with celiac disease will no longer able to eat foods that contain wheat , barley or rye. Even if they eat just a spoonful of pasta, the celiac symptom will start to emerge, such as the unpleasant intestinal sensation. If gluten is ate regularly, in the long run it will increase the risk to develop osteoporosis or cancer in later life.The good news is, as protein, gluten is not essential to the diet and the replacement can be found in many other foods. Alternatives for gluten-free foods are widely available in store, supermarket or healthy food shops, including pizza, pasta and bread. Wide ranges of gluten-free food are also available on prescription.Many basic foods such as vegetables, rice, stop, potatoes and meat are naturally gluten-free so to put them in the personal diet of someone with celiac disease is not a problem. To give a brief picture about which food contain gluten or not, the list below will show you some of the food with gluten and without gluten.Food containing glutenDo not eat the sideline food unless it has label as gluten-free ver sionBreadalimentary pasteCerealBiscuit or crackersCakes and pastriesPiesGravies and SaucesIt is important to always check the label of the food that being bought. By law, food labeled as gluten-free can contain no more than 20 ppm (parts per million) of gluten. 9 Most people can accept this amount trace of gluten, but very few people cannot raise even very small of it. For those type of people, they really need to eat gluten-free food.Many foods, mainly those that are processed may contain gluten in additives, such as modified food starch and malt flavoring.Gluten may also found in some non-food product such as lipstick, postage stamps or some type of medication. Cross contamination can occur if gluten-free food is processed together with same utensils with the food that contain gluten.Gluten free foodThe following foods naturally do not contain glutenRicePotatoesFruit and vegetablesFish and meatMost dairy product such as milk, butter and cheeseGluten free flour such as corn, soy, rice and potatoOats is also an example of gluten-free food nevertheless many people with celiac disease avoid eating them because they can become contaminated by gluten from other cereal. To eat oats, someone with celiac disease should carefully check that the oats is pure and no gluten contaminations have occurred. It is recommended to eat oat when the gluten-free diet already taken full-effect. If the symptom emerges again, stop eating oats.In early prevention of celiac disease to be developed in people, it is advised to not introduce any diets that contain gluten to less than six months old baby. Breast milking the baby is the best way to feed them since the breast milk does not contain gluten. The baby milk formula is also gluten-free.Besides eating gluten free diet, other treatments are also needed especially if the celiac disease already affecting the body. For the first six month after diagnosis, additional supplement might be needed to ensure that the body have enough nutrie nt its needed before the digestive system repair itself. Taking supplement can also remedy any deficiencies such as anemia.In the case where the celiac disease causing the spleen work less efficiently, which makes someone vulnerable to infection, an additional vaccination should be applied. The vaccinations include flu and HIB/MenC vaccine which protect against meningitis, pneumonia and sepsis or blood poisoning. Pneumococcal should also be taken to protect against infections caused by the Streptococcus Pneumonia bacterium.For some people, celiac disease can also cause an itchy rash in the skin called dermatitis herpetiformis. Taking a gluten free diet as treatment is usually enough to pee it up. In some cases, it takes quite long time to clear up the rash. Medicine called Dapson might be prescribed by the doctor to help the body speed up the clearing of the rash. However, side effects such as depression and headaches should be expected, so it usually will be prescribed in the low est effective dose.Celiac disease has a long run damaging effect to the body. It is suggested that comprehensive approach, which include diagnosis and treatment as explain above should become common knowledge for people, especially someone with the higher risk to develop the disease because of family genetic or other factor.1 http//www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1215/p1795.html2 http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx3 http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx4 http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx5 http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/Causes.aspx6 http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/Causes.aspx7 http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/Causes.aspx8 http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/Complications.aspx9 http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/Treatment.aspx

Tesco is one of the leading supermarkets

Tesco is one of the leading supermarketsIntroductionTesco is one of the UKs leading supermarkets, supplying customers nation wide with groceries and a vast rate of different services. In the past Tesco started as simply a supermarket, these days they offer their customers insurance, mobile phones, and even electrical goods. Tesco even offer their customers a honour system where customers get a 1% return on their purchases, this 1% comes back to the customer in the form of a voucher which offer be used in a variety of different ways.Tesco, like a lot of UK supermarkets, is a very big organisation comprising of a variety of systems, these systems avail the company in operating at levels ranging from the operational level to executive. It is the structure of these systems which allow the business to run effectively, to ensure that the correct decisions be made and reports ar compiled for effective management.This paper will discuss the characteristics of two of the core management tuition systems that Tesco use and the ways in which they might apply them to their business.Transaction impact SystemsTransaction Processing Systems (or TPS for short) be vital systems in any business, these systems are responsible for serving the operational level of an organisation. Examples of some TPS systems would include Recording payments authentic for goods and services. Placing orders for products or services. Withdrawing money at a cash machine.TPSs are in contact with the customers all of the time and if one were to fail then it would be like a shot apparent, if Tescos till systems were to fail then the customer would be aware of this immediately. This outlines the great importance of these systems, while they may seem to be repetitive, they must ultimately be reliable. This means that although 100% reliability cannot be guaranteed, the TPS must therefore be able to detect and correct errors. (Wikipedia, 2009. Transaction Processing System.)However, not all minute s are processed immediately there are two different types of transaction systems. Real time bear upon systems process the minutes immediately, this method keeps nurture up-to-date and information within the reports will be consistently accurate. Batch processing systems store the information in batches and are processed at slow-moving rates, this method of processing means that reports do not always exhaust up-to-date information. Businesses requiring up-to-date reports will opt for a real time processing system. (Bocji, P 2003 p238)Tesco will benefit from these Transaction Processing Systems in various ways. These systems will hold and collect information about customer purchases, especially those who have a customer loyalty card it will assist in being able to target other products at these customers to help increase sales. smart links with suppliers will be improved as stock can be re-ordered as soon as it has been sold, greatly reducing the physical motility of stock ord ering and minimising the errors involved with manual ordering. Greater effectiveness of customer service as prices can be modified with ease, a greater preference of products can be attained and lower prices to the customer.Tesco uses TPSs in their EPOS systems (Electronic Point of Sale) these systems scan barcodes and communicate with the in-house system. This in-house system will record all the info of transactions and stock which needs to be re-ordered, probably in a batch system which can then be transferred to the importantframe at the end of the day. This information will then be accessible to higher management for generating reports and will yield the distribution centre with orders for the following day. This information will similarly result ordering information for 3rd party suppliers.Decision Support SystemsDecision Support Systems (or DSS) are the management information systems aimed at backuping the managerial level. These systems provide information, usually in the form of ad hoc reports to assist with decision making.The models bases that power DSSs vary from standard analysis to complex mathematical relationships between variables in the data. DSSs are normally accessed from a computer, giving the manager the ability to issue the DSS software commands and request limited data. The output from the DSS software is usually in an easy to comprehend text and visual format (such as graphs and charts).DSSs are a combination of special models that help with information analysis, forecasting and planning. Company performance data is also part of this integration. DSS are usually not a corporate system and tend to be more departmentally targeted, usually acting as a marketing assistance. Normally DSSs are used as a specialist system such as an expert systems or data warehousing, however they are aimed to be very easy to use and should integrate across all levels in recognition of the overlap between operational, tactical and strategic decisions. (Bocij, P 2003 p253) undecomposed systems replicate the knowledge and decision making skills that a professional in a real field would have. These systems are vital tools in decision support a good example would be making a credit decision on whether or not to give someone a ad hominem loan.Data warehousing is a type of business intelligence software that analyses transaction information to enhance a companys competitiveness. The data warehouse itself is a spacious database which contains a companys sale information. Data mining is used in association with data warehousing and is an automated way to find patterns in data. Data gather can also be utilised in order to find relationships between groups or portions of the data. (Wikipedia, 2009. Data Mining)DSSs can be used to create problems, managers can analyse the data when certain variables are changed, or looking at different scenarios. Some types of the occurrences include Data Mining, as already discussed. Goal desire Anal ysis, changing variables one at a time until a desired goal is achieved, doing this enables the manager to see what goals need to be set in specific areas of the business to attain desired result. What If Analysis, like goal seeking analysis but involves changing a number of variables at once or changing a relationship within the variables, while keeping an eye on the changes in the other variables. Optimization analysis, to find an optimum value for the variables given certain conditionals.Taking Tesco as an example you can assume that via Transaction Processing Systems, various data is collected in the stores. This information is stored in the company main frame system and can be accessed by departmental managers for them to generate reports via expert systems or data mining/warehousing. This enables the managers to get information such as how many customers enjoy eating chicken in comparison to those who prefer beef this can then be coupled with information such as what other pr oducts the consumer purchases along with these circumstances.The managers at Tesco could then find information about item affinity, a process that would highlight the likelihood of a number of items being purchased together. This information is of great importance when considering what special offers to put on, it could aid in finding other suitable products to put close to these special offers. (Information Management, 2006)The success of item affinity is evident by the story of the beer and diapers, it was found that men were buying diapers along with beer on Friday nights. This is an unusual occurrence that you wouldnt normally predict however, it was thanks to data mining and item affinity that this was uncovered. (The Register, 2006)ReferencesBocji, P (2003). Business Information Systems Technology, Development and Management for the e-business 2nd Ed. Gosport Ashford Colour Press Ltd.Information Management, (2006) Demystifying Market Basket Analysis. Information-management.co m online updated October 2006, accessed sixth December 2009.The Register, (2006) The parable of the beer and diapers. Theregister.co.uk online updated 15th August 2006, accessed 8th December 2009.Wikipedia, (2009) Data Mining. Wikipedia.org online accessed 8th December 2009.Wikipedia, (2009) Transaction Processing System. Wikipedia.org online accessed 8th December 2009.

What a Multinational Company?

What a Multinational Company?1- conceptionFor better understanding this is distinguished to discuss what a transnational company is in first place. In short words transnational company ordure be defined as a company or an organization that serves or produce in more than one ground is known as multinational company. Other label use for such kind of organizations is Multinational Corporation (MNC), Transnational Corporation (TNC) or Multinational Enterprise (MNE). Multinational organization commode be meshed in manuf spoturing, services or the exploitation of natural resources in the operating countries. Different writers described divers(prenominal) definition of multinational companies. fit to Moore Lewis (1999, P. 21) stated that an try that engages in foreign direct investment (FDI) and own or controls value adding activities in more than one clownish is known as multinational effort. As Jones (1996, p.4) says An MNE is usually defined as firm that controls operat ions or income generating assets in more than one country. There is a colossal list of multinational firms comparable Sony, Nestle, Wal-Mart Stores, General Motors, Ford Motor, ConocoPhillips Microsoft, Nokia, Toyota Motors, Intel, Coco-Cola, Sony, IBM, Nike and Citigroup etc. today the main question is round the multinational companies of unalike origin adopt different getes of HRM practices. To discuss this element this is really important to discuss the HRM practices in first place, to define what HRM is and then its practices testament be discussed throughout this essay step by step, and then practices of HRM in broader context for the MNCs or MNEs.HRM is modern word use in the businesses, which can be defined as a model of personnel commission that focuses on the individual rather than taking corporate approach. (www.dictionary.bnet.com). As Pennington Edwards (2000, P. 4) stated that tender-hearted imaging Management (HRM) is a new way of thinking about how people should be managed as employees in the workplace. It can be classified into two schools of thoughts.i.e. Hard HRM Soft HRM. Both types of HRM argon under studies of different authors in detail.Now to concentrate on the question directly a deal is going to be under studies Country of origin feelings and HRM in multinational companies which took place in 2007 by P. Edwards et al. In which he discussed 302 UK based multinational companies, which cover both UK owned and overseas owned companies. This study will play an important part in the essay to get the conclusion either multinational companies of different nationalities own different HRM approaches and practices or non.2- Challenges In MultinationalsAccording to Brett, Jeanne Kristin, 2006, international businesss nature is going under a sea change. The globalisation, multi-nationalisation, and the geographical diversification is pushing companies towards change in their precaution structure and style. Multinationals now wishing to consider regional market conditions and develop strategies to cater to each of the regional markets.Culture ShockCulture shock is the big challenge for multinationals, the difference brings the different thinking ways and working ways, and it needs time to adjust it. In most cases the expatriate manager prefer to emphasize and require the home postal service or home country values on the host countrys employees instead of accepting and learning within the new culture. (Adler, 2002)Lack Of Cross Cultural cookeryIn fact, most multinationals ignore this genteelness program during the staffing management. However, the better understanding about culture block can help managers to improve the effectiveness of staffing management. For example, The managers at Bell Canada were totally asked be pedagogy about Muslim laws of drinking and the treating of women there before he or she assigned a project for Saudi Arabia such like constructing the telephone dodge in there. (Adler , 2002)Family ProblemsFamily problem for PNC manager is an different challenge. The overseas employees always think of their family. Sometime, such emotion will effect the concentrations in their work. These difficulties atomic number 18 usually underestimated. What the organization should do is to assist expatriates family to adapt their new environment. (Dolan, 1996)3- HRM Functions In MNCsTeam members of multinational companies come from different countries with the different culture, economic, religions and habits. each(prenominal) of these differences bring the different thinking and working methods, thus, how to manage the multicultural aggroup is a big challenge for the HRM in the multinationals. In the article Managing multicultural team, the author states that Communication in Western cultures is typically direct and explicit. In many other cultures, meaning is embedded in the way the message is presented. The differences can cause serious damage to team relativeships (J eanne Breeet , Kristin Behfar, and Mary C. Kern, 2007) .Retaining Subsidiary Staffs RetentionIt can be argued that the retention of staffing in the multinationals subsidiary conducts huge influence. The transfers between the PCNs, HCNs and the TCNs atomic number 18 the big issues in the staffing management strategy. Scolders identify that the HCNs and TCNs who are sent to the corporate headquarters (HQ) called inpatriates. As this article mentioned before, the ethnocentric approach, the polycentric approach, the regioncentric approach, and the geocentric approach are the quad major nationality staffing policies in the international staffing, by analyzing the complex and the new situation appear in the relationships between the HQ and subsidiary, B. Sebastian Reiche (2007) researchs the international stiffing-related retention strategies . Firstly, he claims that a pluralistic and consensus-driven approach to international staffing enhances the retention capacity of international staffing practices through increased responsiveness to and involvement of the respective topical anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic unit. He states that the knowledge and aptitude from the local staff can help multinationals to reduce the risk and culture-bound in the local market. He also believes that this approach can improve the loyalty of local staffs, and the local staff can achieve individual career plan to cohere the institutional ontogenesis plan. At the same time, he states that the PCNs take over act as the vital role for informal controlling and coordination in the multinational companies. Secondly, he indicates that expatriation of local staff can help to retain the MNCss retention. In this approach, he states that the inpatriates can share their social and contextual knowledge of the subsidiary environment with managers at the HQ. And also inpatriates tend to be accepted by HCNs more willingly than foreign personnel.HRM is all concern about the employees at the wor k place, but the demands from HRM gone up as the education rate grown up. As Pennington and Edwards (2004, P.4) stated that As a level of education become higher, a greater proportion of the population world wide expect more than just treatment, they seek a range of intrinsic rewards such as job satisfaction, a degree of challenge, a sense of career progression and satisfying relation with co workers.Selection Recruiting-The main function of HRM is selecting and recruiting, no matter the firm is domestic or multinational. Staffing issue for domestic managers and MNCs managers are non very different for recruiting for the middle management or ground floor workers, but for selecting and recruiting of top management then the choices come like parent country national (PCNs), phalanx country national (HCNs) or third country national (TCNs). According to Parlmutter (1989) divided into three main categories.Ethnocentric where top management favours PCNs managers, who are affix ab road for a period of time. Polycentric where top management give choice to subsidies to fulfil management posts themselves, and Geocentric when top management recruits managers globally and post them anywhere in the world. For example Nipponese style of HRM dont rely on interviews and job advertisements, they select the people from the universities and the most top MNCs can afford the students from the most esteemed university. According to Keeley (2001, P.62) stated that unlike the most Western companies detailed job description rarely exist. The company seeks to determine if the prospective employee has the type of personality that fits in surface with the atmosphere at the company. bit US MNCs rely on interview must attribute of HRM practices in their subsidies.In China, they had no selection bear upones per se when they first parted. Senior managers were appointed by community government-officials. Most of the new hires were based on employee referrals. Selection criteria were based on nepotism and contacts. Hiring decisions are influenced by the adjacent in chinaA persons ability to perform the technical requirements of the job A personal interviewA persons ability to get along well with others already working hereHaving the right connections (e.g. school, family, friends, region, government, etc.)The companys belief that the person will stay with the companyAn employment test in which the Person needs to test their SkillsProven work experience in a similar jobA persons potential to do a good job, even if the person is not that good when they first startHow well the person will fit in the companys values and ways of doing thingsFuture co-workers opinions about whether the person should be chartered(Huczynski, Andrzej / Buchanan, David, 2001)A most important attribute in lacquerese style of HRM is called Shushinkoyo which core life or long term employment. This is considered the success key of Nipponese HRM as stated by Keeley (2001, P.65) Never theless, a number of scholars both japanese and non Japanese have praised Shushinkoyo and have attributed the success of Japanese enterprises to its practice. Here this shows that multinational companies from Japan apply different approach for selection the new recruits while US MNCs rely on a different phenomena of selection and recruitment.Performance Appraisal-This is the HR attribute which has significant attention from both academics and practitioners, the appraisal system in US MNCs use to reduce the labour force as stated in Edwards (2007, P. 40) that roughly US companies, GE for instance, have become known for using the appraisal system to remove the lower- performing employees from the workforce on a weak ass and /or to identify those in need of remedial action for their performance level. But in Japanese MNCs the companies gives the life time or long term employment as mentioned by Keeley (2001) that it is one of the best attribute of Japanese HRM in small Japanese e nterprises or Japanese MNCs. Differences can b seen in the Edwards (2007) survey of Japanese and US multinational companies based in UK, where he stated that US companies are more probable to emphasise the greatness of behaviour in relation to corporate values, while Japanese firms give lower importance rating to quantitative or qualitative individual growth criteria, and criteria based on corporate values.In large organizations the performance review on periodic basis, this is second task of organizations HR departments, after hiring an employee and on the basis of performance employee get bonuses, promotions and rewards. Performance appraisals give opportunity to the workers (individual/group) to get prepare for the future goals of firm. hire, Compensations, Rewards Benefits-Compensations like hourly wages and annual salaries while benefits are like life insurance, pensions and sick pays etc. According to Cherrington (1995) stated that compensation should be legal and ethical , adequate, motivate and fair, and should be able to give employment security to the worker. Pay compensation and rewards are not really different from each other, but in simple words rewards is the term use to motivate and to get the future goals by means of workforce for an organization, the reward system plays an important role, by reward (individual/group) the workers get appreciation and get themselves more committed to the firm. These are the round of the main features and functions of any (domestic/MNCs) firm HR department.In Japanese style of HRM they use a Japanese term Nenko Joretsu which means seniority system, where in Japanese HR management the wages goes up with the age and experience, as stated in Keeley (2001, P. 76) verbalize that though nenko is most often translated as seniority. While US and Europe MNCs apply the performance related pay system. This is the most important phenomena of MNCs HR system when they go to borderless business. According to Edwards (2007 , P. 46) stated in his survey that Nationality has some effects. For example, American firms are likely to give organisational performance a higher importance rating for the KEY GROUP than others firms. UK firms are more likely emphasis individual output measures for LARGEST OCCUPATIONAL GROUP. It shows the difference in attribute of HR practices and approaches in multinational firms.Training Development-This is one of the important as well as crucial task for HR department for a firm operating globally, in this area of HRM multinational companies of different origin detect different approaches, for example according to Tung (1981) stated that by comparing US, European and Japanese corporations, Americans firms it seems tend to underestimate the importance of training, whereas most European and Japanese organizations see this as a highly important area of attention. The objectives and goals of training and development are to make sure the skilled and willing workers are available in the organization. Training and development are important to create a smarter working environment.In China, medium and large companies have formal training programmer and many have established special facilities for teaming purposes. Because of the lower educational level in the rural areas, the quality of the rural labour force is importantly in urban areas. Experienced, well-qualified staffs are in short supply. To disadvantage of hiring Key personnel from a shallow pool of talent, they invest heavily in training. Training is an important investment in human capital. Training improves an individuals performance and increase organizational effectiveness. (Ahlstrom Garry, 2001)Japanese MNCs pay less attention to training and development attribute of HRM, the reason might be the less mobility of workers in the Japanese firms, as they use the term Shushinkoyo. According to Keeley (2001, P. 88) stated that A study of the Japan Productivity Centre found differences in the attitudes t owards training in Japanese and American firms. Where Keeley stated that from the study and respond of both countries towards training issue were affirmatory but American firms were strong and more positive then the Japanese firms and he also stated that Japanese firms arrange training on ask basis. A strategy which makes a firm successful is not easy to implement when they go beyond the borders, because of the barriers which might be language, religion, culture and legislations etc. As Keeley (2007, P.89) stated that HR practices which makes a firm successful in domestic environment are difficult to implement in their overseas subsidiaries.4- HRM Approach In Multinational FirmsNow in this essay some of the multinational firms characteristics will be studied to see do they get affected by the country where they belong to in their HR practices and approaches or not? There are many MNCs, the country which has most MNCs is USA, and after that are Europe, Japan and Germany.There are m any writers who discussed the issue of ownership and HRM in MNCs like Evan, Lank and Farquhar (1977), Barlett Goshal (1989), Rozenzweig Nohria (1994) and Innes Morris (1995) etc, which prove that the issue of ownership has been in discussion from ages, as according to Economist (1995) said that the issue of ownership is central to the number of important policy related and academic debate in the area of HRM and IR, One line of argument is that, with change magnitude globalization MNCs are becoming stateless players, detached from individual nation states.MNCs of different origin work in the host country by applying its local mechanism of HR practices and approaches, because it is not possible to work and apply 100% approaches of the parent country, as according to Rozenzweig Nohria (1994) said that a rank and file IR issues are more likely to exhibit local isomorphism . There are many arguments about the affection of country of origin on MNCs HR practices, the reasons are m any for MNCs to adopt different approaches of HRM, as Ferner (1997) described that in short, it is imperative to take into account the dynamic of nationality as a factor impact the behaviour of MNCs. The modernization of political institutions, the rapid pace of technology, the internationalization of product itself and changing pattern of international market and competition, all are likely to alter to pre existing national structure although not necessarily in the direction of convergence of different national systems on a single model.Now the essay will point out some differences in Chinese and American Human Resource Managements. China is one of the fastest growing providence of the world, according to Zhu (2005, P.2) explained that the past two and half decades of reforms and impressive economic growth have witnessed an unprecedented enthusiasm for the establishment of foreign invested enterprises (FIEs). Many foreign companies have expended their operations into china, at tracted mainly by the sheer size of its potential market. There are many multinational firms in China like aluminum Corp (ACH), China Petroleum Chemical Corp (SNP) and China Unicom (CHU) etc.The main practice of HRM is selection and recruitment as mentioned above, and the difference between the process of selection of Chinese and USA approach is, in USA model of HRM job interview is essential for filling a major position, while in Chinese HRM mostly jobs are allocated by government and interview process is not common. In reward system the USA model of HRM offers a mixing of incentives system, while Chinese HRM system is different from USA, in Chinese system salary ranges are narrow, group reward system is common, but the pay system is more motivate than American pay system. In performance appraisal USA model of HRM believes in two way communication, while in Chinese model supervisor have absolute power and authority to evaluate subordinates, in USA participative management is welc ome and encourage, but in Chinese HRM collective leadership is common, and in major decision making, the involvement of workers is symbolic.The difference can be seen in different origin or nationality MNCs that the US MNCs are significantly more like to collect information on employee attitude bring together HR managers from different countries and use HR international shared services, Japanese organizations are less likely to collect data centrally, while French origin MNCs acting more likely in US style of HRM practices, and German origin MNCs firms follow Japanese style of HRM practices. (Jackson, 2002)The best example is British American Tobacco (BAT), which is operating in a number of countries in the world, i.e. Pakistan, southmost Africa, UK, Japan, Saudi Arabia and many more. As this is an American based firm, and American have an interview must attribute in their HR practices, they apply the same approach for selecting and recruiting in the host country Pakistan, and th e adopt some practices of Pakistan HRM practices (host country) like monthly payment of salaries instead of weekly wages, so its means BAT reflected their parent country HRM practices in some ways and in subsidies like UK, BAT apply the same HR practices and approaches as the parent country have, because the culture difference is not very distinct from each other i.e. UK and USA. (www.bat.com) (self experience as a worker of BAT in Pak)5- ConclusionThis essay was carried out to see, do multinational organizations of different origin have different approaches to international human resource management? There were some evidences that showed the answer as Yes they get affected by its country of origin in on or other way, but it is also proved that the most of MNCs adopt the best fit policy when MNCs start operating in a host country, because of the obstacles in the host country, i.e. language, religion, norms and values, culture and legislations.Writers in HRM field have different opinion about the behaving of MNCs, so the best option for MNCs is to apply the best fit approaches of the HRM practices, means combination of both (Parent Host countries) HRM practices. The issue of ownership country of MNC has been in discussion for ages, but still there is not a 100% accurate answer came out as according to Ferner (1997) said that but existing research has failed to systematically explore differences.All these discussion and researchers efforts bring the conclusion that in some HR attributes in MNCs they follow the a universal approach while in some they follow the different approaches in HR practices, according to the survey by Edwards (2007) stated that throughout the report, we have noted the persistent influence of nationality. There are clear national differences in all four area of HR/ER Pay performance, Learning development, employee involvement and employee representation. But the bottom line can be that yes Multinational firms of different origin can be effected by the parent country HR practices when the run business in other part of the world instead of the home country.There are some obstacles for multinational companies which can stop them to apply the 100% parent country HR practices in their subsidies like legislation of the host country, rules and regulation and more, there is term used in Edwards (2007, P.29) survey of Multinational companies in UK called discretion or local autonomy. Which shows multinational companies of different origin give the power of decision making and freedom to their subsidies? In that survey the high discretion power firms are Japanese, which means Japanese multinational companies give more freedom to their subsidies comparatively to American, French and other Multinational firms of different origin. But another thing can be the law enforcement of subsidies (host Country), the example can be Germany where the rules and regulation are strict so the difference in practices of HR of a multina tional firm would not be as bigger as in Pakistan, because of the law enforcement, like differences would be less in Europe but it would be greater in Asia.Reference And BibliographyAcuff, F. (1984) International and Domestic Human Resource Functions Innovations in International Compensation. New York Organization Resources Counsellors, pp. 3-5.Bartlett, C., Goshal, S. (1989) Managing across Borders The Transnational Solution, Boston, Harvard traffic School Press.Briscoe, R.D. Schuler, R.S (2004) International Human Resource Management second Ed, New York, Prentice Hall.Cherrington, D, J. (1995) the management of human resources Enkweed Cliff, NJ Printice Hall.Edwards, P. at al. (2007) employment practices of multinational companies in organisational context Available at http//www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/projects/mncemployment/conference_papers/full_report_july.pdfFerner, A (1997) Country of origin effects and HRM in Multinational companies, Journal of Human Resource Managemen t, Vol. 7, no.1, 19 28Ferner, A. (2000) The embeddedness of US multinational companies in the US business system implementation of HR/IR.Harzing, W. A. Ruysseveldt, V.J. (1995) International Human Resource Management capital of the United Kingdom, SAGE Publications Ltd.Harzing, W. A. Ruysseveldt, V.J. (2004) International Human Resource Management 2nd ed. London SAGE Publications Ltd.Jemison, D, B. Sitkin, S, B (1986) Corporate acquisition A process perspective. Academy of Management Review, 11, 145 163Jackson, T. (2002) International HRM A cross cultural approach, London SAGE publications Ltd.Jones, G. (1996) The Evolution of International Business An Introduction London, Routledge.Keeley, T.D. (2001) International Human Resource Management in Japanese firms. Hampshire PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.KPMG (Ed) (1999) unlocking shareholder value The keys to success. LondonMaund, L. (2001) An Introduction to Human Resource Management theory and practice Basingstoke, Palgrave.Moore, K. Lewi s, D. (1999) Birth of Multinational Denmark, AKA Print.Ozbilgin, M. (2005) International Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. Hampshire PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.Parlmutter, H.V (1969) the tortuous evolution of the multinational corporation, Columbia Journal of World Business, 4 (1), pp. 9 18Pennington, A. Edwards, T (2000) Introduction to Human Resource Management New York, Oxford University Press Inc.Pucik, V. (1984) the international management of Human Resources, in Fombrum, C.J. Tichy, N.M. and Devana, M.A. (eds.) Strategic HRM. New York Wiley, pp. 403 419.Rozenzweig, P Nohria, N. (1994) Influence of human resource management practices in multinational corporation Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.25, no.2, 229 251Stopford, J. M. Turner, L. (1985) Britain And The Multinationals Chichester, JOHN WILEY SONS.Tayab, H.M. (2005) International Human Resource Management A Multinational Company Perspective New York, Oxford University Press Inc.The, economist. (1 995). A survey of multinationals. 24th JuneTung, R.L. (1981) Selecting and training of personnel for overseas assignments, Columbia Journal of World Business, 16 (1), pp.68 78.www.bat.com online Access date 01st Aug 2009Available at http//www.bat.com/group/sites/UK_3MNFEN.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO6Z2KVH?opendocumentSKN=1Zhu, C.J. (2005) Human Resource management in China Past, current and future HR practices in the industrial sector New York, Routledge Curzon.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_researchhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StaffingInternational dimensions of human resource management, Peter J. Dowing Randall s. Schuler, page 4Managing the global work force Challenges and strategies, Academy of Management Executive, Roberts,K.Kossek,E.E., and Ozeki,C(1998) 12(4) 6-16Adler,N.J.(2002) International dimensions of Organizational behavior, 4th ednShimon L. Dolan. International HRM Ecole de relations industrielles, Case postale 6128 Montreal, 1996Brett, Jeanne Behfar, Kristin Kern , Mary C.. Harvard Business Review, Nov2006, Vol. 84 divulge 11, p88 (AN 22671287)Edstrom, A., Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Transfer of managers as a coordination and control strategy in multinational organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22 248-263.David G. Collings, Hugh Scullion and Michael J. 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HRM of foreign firms in China The Challenge of Managing Host Country Personnel, Business Horizons 44(3), 2001, p, 59 68.Blake, John / Amat Salas, Oriol / Wraith, Philip Joint ventures in China a Spanish case, European Business Review 97(4), 1997, p. 155 161.Foster, Dean The Global Etiquette Guide China, http//workabroad.monster.com/articles/chinaetiquitte/, 2001.Huczynski, Andrzej / Buchanan, David Organizational deportment An Introductory Text, 4th edition, London Prentice Hall, 2001.Brett, Jeanne Behfar, Kristin Kern, Mary C.. Harvard Business Review, Nov2006, Vol. 84 Issue 11, p87 (AN 22671287)Adler,N.J.(2002) International dimensions of Organizational behavior, 4th edn

Venus :: essays research papers

genus genus genus Venus is the second planet from the sun and the sixth largest. Venus orbit is the most circular of any planet, with an eccentricy of less than 1%. Venus, mayhap because it is the brightest of planets known to the ancients, Is named after the Greek goddess of love and beauty. The planet of Venus has been known since prehistoric times and is the brightest object in the sky with the exception of the sun and the moon. Venus rotation is somewhat unusual in that it is both very slow ( 243 country days per Venus day) and retrograde. In addition, the periods of Venus rotation and of its orbit argon synchronized such that it always presents the same face toward Earth when the two planets are at their closest approach. The pressure of the planets cash dispenser at the surface is 90 atmospheres and is composed mostly of carbon dioxide. There are several layers of clouds which are many kilometers thick and composed of sulfuric acid. This dense atmosphere produces a run-away greenhouse effect that raises Venus surface temperature by about 400 degrees to over 740 K. The planet of Venus is often regarded as Earths sister planet, in some ways they are very similar. For example, Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth (95% of Earths diameter, 80% of Earths mass.) Both have few craters indicating relatively young surfaces. Their densities and chemical compositions are also similar. Because of these similarities, it was once thought that below its dense clouds, Venus might be very earthlike, perhaps to the point of containing life. However, a more detailed study of Venus revealed that many aspects of Venus atmosphere was much incompatible from that of Earth.There are no small craters on Venus. It appears that small meteoroids burn up in Venus dense atmosphere before reaching the surface. Craters on Venus take care to come in bunches indicating that the large meteoroids that do reach the surface usually break up in the atmosphere. The oldest terrains on Ve nus seem to be about 800 million years old. Extensive volcanisms at the time wiped out the earlier surface including any large craters from early Venus history.The inner of Venus is probably very similar to that of Earth. It consists of an iron core about 3000 km in radius, a molten rocky mantle comprising the majority of the planet. Venus probably once had large

Isolation in Bartleby :: essays research papers

Roles of the Sexes The submissive parting of the female in a marriage or relationship is a common problem in legion(predicate) societies, including our own American society. This role has become so common that in fact it is now expected of the female. This male dominance goes as far punt as the human race, to the beginning of relationships and marriage between the female and the male. Then, the physical prowess of the male led to his dominance in all situations and thus create these roles. Even presently, with all our advances in equal rights and womens advances in the work fields, this role of submission and passivity is still present among our society. Why do women conduct this role? Why hasnt it banished with the right to vote and her expansion into the male-dominated workplace? These roles are inbred into our society. The men are raised to lead and take charge. Women, on the other hand, are taught that their place is to keep peace, and in most scenarios that means conformin g. There are many reasons women accept or allow this role. For many women, they meet safety in allowing the male to dominate the relationship. The submissive role is familiar or so expected that the women fear changing the situation. Many authors illustrate this role of the sexes and portray some reasons and situations that are common in our society, such as Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, in her story The Hand, and James Joyce, in Eveline. These two authors both, even though each describes a woman in a very different, yet remarkably similar, situation, discuss one of the major reasons women succumb to males. Colette was a significant womens rightist in the early 1900s when the womens right movement was in full swing. She fought for equal opportunities for women and proved it was possible when she was the first woman to be admitted to the Goncourt Academy. As a novelist, she used her writing to illustrate the assumed roles society has developed. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Lite rature remarks, Her professional life and three marriages helped to shape her keen insights into modern love and womens lives. (Compact Bedford, 196). Colette understood the expected submission role because she had lived the role of the wife several times. Also, as one of the few women in the workplace, she was subjected to even more male supremacy. She could write about the reasons why women comply because she understood and had been a victim herself.