About the Extension of University Education Act, 1959

The Extension of University Education Act, no. 45 of 1949, segregated South African universities by both race and ethnicity.  This meant that the law not only decreed that â€Å"white† universities were closed to black students, but also that the universities that were open to black students be segregated by ethnicity.  This meant that only Zulu students, for instance, were to attend the University of Zululand, while the University of the North, to take another example, was formerly restricted to Sotho students. The Act was another piece of Apartheid legislation, and it augmented the 1953 Bantu Education Act. The Extension of University Education Act was repealed by Tertiary Education Act of 1988. Protests and Resistance There was widespread protests against the Extension of Education Act. In Parliament, the United Party—the minority party under Apartheid—protested its passage. Many university professors also signed petitions protesting the new law and other racist legislation aimed at higher education. Non-white students also protested the act, issuing statements and marching against the Act. There was also international condemnation of the Act. Bantu Education and the Decline of Opportunity South African universities that taught in the Afrikaans languages had already limited their student bodies to white students, so the immediate impact was to prevent non-white students from attending the Universities of Cape Town, Witswatersrand, and Natal, which had formerly been comparatively open in their admissions. All three had multi-racial student bodies, but there were divisions within the colleges. The University of Natal, for instance, segregated its classes, while the University of Witswatersrand and University of Cape Town had color bars in place for social events. The Extension of Education Act closed these universities. There was also an impact on the education students received at universities that had previously been unofficially â€Å"non-white† institutions. The University of Fort Hare had long argued tat all students, regardless of color, deserved an equally excellent education, and it was an internationally prestigious university for African students. Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and Robert Mugabe were among its graduates, but after the passage of the Extension of University Education Act, the government took over the University of Fort Hare and designated it an institution for Xhosa students.  After that, the quality of education declined precipitously as these universities were forced to provide the purposely inferior Bantu Education. University Autonomy The most significant impacts were on non-white students, but the law also reduced the autonomy for South African universities by taking away their right to decide who to admit to their schools. The government also replaced University administrators with people who were seen as being more inline with Apartheid sentiments, and professors who protested the new legislation also lost their jobs.   Indirect Impacts The declining quality of education for non-whites, of course, had much broader implications. The training for non-white teachers, for instance, was distinctly inferior to that of white teachers, which impacted the education of non-white students. That said, there were so few non-white teachers with university degrees in Apartheid South Africa, that the quality of higher education was something of a moot point for secondary teachers. The lack of educational opportunities and of university autonomy also limited the educational possibilities and scholarship under Apartheid. Sources Mangcu, Xolela. Biko: A Life. (I.B. Tauris, 2014), 116-117. Cutton, Merle. â€Å"Natal University and the Question of Autonomy, 1959-1962.† Gandhi-Luthuli Documentation Centre. Bachelor of Arts Honors Thesis, Department of Natal, Durban, 1987. â€Å"History,† University of Fort Hare, (Accessed 31 January 2016)

Managers Need to Know how to Budget - 1862 Words

Knowing about finance can help managers and leadership significantly because it allows them to understand the needs for budgeting. This revolves around income statements, balance sheets, cost of goods and earning statements. I have learned more information on how budgeting, if done correctly, can help reduce debt significantly. Knowing the important functions and goals of financial management can help organization thrive because their leadership and department managers understand the issues that can arise from not knowing the importance of goal settings. Making finance decisions can break or make a company because it allows the organization the ability to be able to analyze the impact of various financial decisions. This includes financial planning, which is put in place to help organizations to overcome obstacles and challenges through strategic financial decision making techuqies. A few factors that should be looked at are business-side focus, funding sources and operating surplus, which will be briefly explained in the paragraphs to come. Managing operational budgets have two main factors that must be looked at to make sure the organization is kept running efficiently and effectively. These factors are known as compound and contents of an operating budget plan. Capital budgeting will be briefly discussed below as well. I will also be reflecting on what I have learned throughout this course by explaining roles of ethics and professional responsibility. First financialShow MoreRelatedThe Cost Of The Sales Revenues For The Coming Year1447 Words   |  6 Pagesacceptable level of profit. 3. This budget for the whole company s cost is then broken down by division, department or by cost centre. 4. The budget may then be broken down further so that each manager has a budget and therefore some spending power. 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Information Technology and Computer Science †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology and Computer Science. Answer: History of Software Licensing Till the year of 1980 there were less number of licensing strategy beyond the purchase and selling of software program hoping the fact that it would not be copied anymore (Ito, 2012). Previously some methods of protection were developed in which programs were written into disk which were hard to copy (Schwalbe, 2015). Later on flexible methods were developed which needs hardware USB dongles which contain licensing information and after that it put into the user system and can be easily detected by various system software before it comes into action. Free source license is a software from which various source codes can be easily released. It actually relates to the method of creation of software by making use of one or many programming based language. Free source software was developed in such a way that it can help a large number of users. Propriety software generally consist of software which is licensed by various copyright holders. Various users are allowed to use software but they are not allowed to make any changes. Proprietary software is also known as closed source software in which original source code for any software is not available. History of Information Technology Information technology has been around for a very long period of time. People has been around information technology because of the method of communication which is available at a given point of time (Bently Sherman, 2014). There have been four main stages which has been divided the whole information technology which are premechanical, mechanical, electromechanical and electronic. In present day IT has played an important role in integration of various plans of an organization. It is used in wide number of sectors like communication, inventory management, data management, management of information system, management of customer relationship and many other things. Intellectual Property Intellectual property in general refers to creation or building up of minds, invention and artistic works which consist of symbols, names and images. There are generally two types of intellectual property which are industrial property and copyright (Coeckelbergh, 2013). Various organizations round the globe have made use of their intellectual property for making use of their privacy, signal and protection time and date for the protection of clients on cyberspace. Ethics of information technology Ethics is a method which consist of various moral principles. It ultimately affects the way how people take decision in a situation and lead their lives. The world is adopting new technologies as the need of ethics which is used for proper growth of it. Information technology gets it recognition after the proper launch of various office for various system. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that software licensing has played a key role in buying and selling various software programs. Role and importance of free source license has been discussed in brief. After that the history of information technology has been discussed in details. Concepts related to intellectual property and the ethics of information technology has also been described. References Bently, L., Sherman, B. (2014).Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Coeckelbergh, M. (2013). Drones, information technology, and distance: mapping the moral epistemology of remote fighting.Ethics and information technology,15(2), 87-98. Ito, M. (2012).Engineering play: A cultural history of children's software. MIT Press. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.

McDonalds Success

Table of Contents Introduction Business-level strategy Corporate-level strategy Competitive environment Slow-cycle and fast-cycle markets Conclusion Reference List Introduction McDonald’s is one of the most successful corporations worldwide. This fast food restaurants chain includes more than 30,000 restaurants which serve to around 70 million people in all parts of the globe (2012 annual report, 2013). The corporation’s revenues are more than $27 billion and the growth is steady as the revenues increase each year (2012 annual report, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on McDonald’s Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also necessary to note that the company was once a family owned business operating in one US state. At present, this is a publicly traded corporation which is operating in 118 countries (Williams, 2010). This success suggests that the company has impleme nted effective strategies at different levels, which enables it to be the leader of the market even though its major competitors have also achieved a lot. Business-level strategy Business-level strategies focus on the company’s relationship with its customers (and potential customers) and its competitors. When it comes to a corporation, business-level strategies are used to address the needs of customers in specific markets, countries, areas (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). One of the major strategies at the business level is development of proper relationships with customers. Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2012) note that it can be effective for a business to employ the strategy at three different levels, i.e. reach, richness and affiliation dimensions. This approach helps develop proper relationships with existing and potential customers. Hence, the reach dimension is concerned with developing strategies to access and connect to customers. At this dimension, the company can focus on introducing new services to customers. Clearly, the company should continuously monitor the needs of its existing and especially its potential customers. It is essential to understand who these customers are and what they are seeking for. It is also important to understand how to let them hear the message. Introduction of new services will attract new customers. Admittedly, each market and each area needs a unique approach and numerous characteristic features of people living in this or that region should be taken into account. The richness dimension dwells upon the degree to which connection between the company and the customer can develop. In other words, this is about the information flow between the customer and the company. This dimension also involves monitoring and research.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company should make sure that customersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ ideas can be heard and brought to reality. The use of social networking can be a good tool to make it possible as customers can share their ideas and address the company at any time. The affiliation dimension is concerned with developing customers’ loyalty. Thus, it is crucial to make sure that customers’ aspirations are met. The two dimensions mentioned above focus on acquiring information and developing strategies to meet customers’ needs, whereas the third dimension is about control over implementation of the strategies utilized. The use of this three-dimension strategy will ensure long-term success of the company as loyalty of existing customers and attraction of new customers will enable the corporation to remain competitive. Corporate-level strategy At this level, the company should focus on numerous issues related to the development of the company as a whole unit. Thus, it should focus on the level of diversification, allocation of resources, poss ible cooperation with other companies (Hill Jones, 2012). These issues require special attention as they define the way the corporation will develop. It is also important to note that the corporation has to take into account its shareholders’ views at this level. Any corporation gives certain rights to its shareholders and the latter can affect the way the company develops. It is possible to work out an effective corporate-level strategy for McDonald’s. As far as diversification is concerned, the company should focus on regional features to win customers’ loyalty. Admittedly, the company has been associated with the American way of life. The company has attempted to change this image though it still persists. However, in the contemporary globalized world, this image can negatively affect the company’s development. Therefore, the corporation should work on development of a new image of a global fast food restaurant chain which meets requirements of the co ntemporary customer.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on McDonald’s Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The message to articulate worldwide is that the company enables people to eat fast, healthy and cheap food. Obviously, it is essential to pay special attention to regional peculiarities as each country has its own vision of healthy and fast eating. Allocation of funds is also of paramount importance for McDonald’s. Acquisition of real estate, development of new products, marketing and research require sufficient funding. Some companies try to reduce their expenditures limiting their research. This is counterproductive as profound research helps companies understand recent trends and work out appropriate strategies to address issues they face. These strategies will help the corporation maintain its leading position in the market as they will ensure the corporation’s development. C ompetitive environment The most significant competitor of McDonald’s is Burger King, which is a global corporation, operating in 79 countries. The food served in the restaurants of both corporations is quite similar as McDonald’s and Burger King specialize on hamburgers and serving fast food. It is necessary to note that the strategies employed are quite similar at all levels, though Burger King is less successful due to a number of mistakes. Clearly, effective corporate-level strategies are crucial for any corporation. McDonald’s has managed to develop consistent franchising policies which enable its franchisees to run their business successfully. More so, McDonald’s operates about 15% of its restaurants in the USA, and this rate increases when it comes to units in other countries (Williams, 2010). Therefore, it is possible to note that the control over management is quite significant. In other words, the corporation makes sure that restaurants follow th e necessary regulations accepted in this or that area. At the same time, Burger King has failed to build proper relations with its franchisees. The corporations’ policies concerning franchisees are not consistent and franchisees often deviate from certain norms.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some aspects of cooperation between franchisees and the company are not properly highlighted in agreements, which also led to several legal issues (Williams, 2010). However, relations with franchisees are not the only flaw in the corporate-level strategies utilized by Burger King. Burger King’s expansion policies are also less effective than those employed by McDonald’s. Thus, McDonald’s is seen as a symbol of globalization (Williams, 2010). Burger King lags behind. The corporation is often accused of paying little attention to regional peculiarities even though the corporation is open to novelties. For instance, in Germany they sell beer and in the Middle East they offer kosher food (Smith Kraig, 2013). Nevertheless, people often claim that Burger King is still seen as an alien chain with no specific message or set of values (Williams, 2010). Though McDonald’s is still regarded as a restaurant symbolizing American ways of life, it is now more associated with globalization and modernity. Thus, McDonald’s has proved to be a more successful company in this area. Admittedly, the flaws of corporate-level strategies also lead to inefficient business-level strategies. Inconsistent corporate-level strategies are also associated with inconsistent business-level strategies as franchisees can be run poorly due to lack of knowledge and proper management. Franchisees can often fail to follow certain standards and this leads to poor quality of service and, as a result, customers choose other fast food chains. Furthermore, inability to understand the needs of customers living in this or that area also results in customer’s lack of loyalty. It is necessary to note that McDonald’s has more chances to be out of its competitors’ reach in the long run as the corporation employs efficient strategies which help the company develop and meet needs of the contemporary markets and its customers. Burger King may lose more points in the long run as their policies are often ineffective. There is lack of control and lack of development. Hence, McDonald’s is likely to be more successful in the long run. Slow-cycle and fast-cycle markets Noteworthy, evaluation of the two corporations’ success can differ in slow-circle and fast-circle markets. In a slow-circle market, where change occurs quite rarely, Burger King could be quite successful. The corporation has had a constant growth for decades. It was successful in the middle of the twentieth century. Of course, it is hard to say whether McDonald’s would be less or more successful than Burger King. The chances of the two corporations could be equal for a slow-circle market as they offer similar products and services. However, when it comes to a fast-circle market, McDonald’s is a leader exploiting successful strategies. The fast-circle market is characterized by changeability. At that, such markets change quite fast. For instance, the c ontemporary hospitality market can be seen as a highly competitive and changeable market as technological advances bring a lot of changes. Thus, new services are offered, new types of advertising is being used. Clearly, hospitality market is not as changeable as the market of mobile phones, but companies should try to keep up. McDonald’s successfully implements numerous changes, while Burger King is less successful in this respect. Thus, McDonald’s is often the first one to introduce new services while Burger King only responds to these novelties introducing similar products, services or strategies (Williams, 2010). Therefore, Burger King could not successfully compete with McDonald’s. At present, it is apparent that Burger King is losing points while McDonald’s is still a leader in this market. Conclusion To sum up, it is possible to note that McDonald’s is a successful corporation that utilizes effective strategies at corporate and business level . Successful implementation of these strategies has enabled the company to become the leader in the sphere. The company’s most significant competitor, Burger King, has inconsistent strategies and fails to implement changes in time. This contributes to the success of McDonald’s. It is necessary to note that the corporation has become a symbol of change, success and modernity, which contributes to its success worldwide. Reference List 2012 annual report. (2013). Retrieved from http://corporate.mcdonalds.com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/Investor%202013/2012%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdf Hill, C., Jones, G. (2012). Strategic management theory: An integrated approach. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D., Hoskisson, R. (2012). Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Smith, A., Kraig, B. (2013). The Oxford encyclopedia of food and drink in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Williams, C. (2010). Management . Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. This research paper on McDonald’s Success was written and submitted by user Maria Lane to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sadaksjdka Essays

Sadaksjdka Essays Sadaksjdka Essay Sadaksjdka Essay Accomplishment Report (This accomplishment includes your assessment of the activity conducted. The questions asked per item are just guides. You may look at other dimensions, but please retain the outline). Title of Activity/ Project____________Tree Growing Activity_________________ College/ Unit___________COECS/ENG-107 NSTP 2______________ Date (s) Conducted______________March 1, 2013_____________________ Duration/ No. of hours/days_____February 8 –March 1, 2013 (7:00 10:00 A. M. )____ Total No. of participants__1__ Faculty ____Staff __32_ Students ____ Community . Background ? We have enjoyed the tree planting in the site we replaced the broken tree guards and recycled the broken tree guards to make a new one, we also cleaned the area and remove the tall grasses in the main site. 2. Target Beneficiaries ? The beneficiaries are the people in our community and also us too we can benefit to the trees that we planted as the days pass we will feel the fresh air filtered by the t rees we planted. 3. Objectives ? To enhance environmental conservation and stability ? To conserve the beautiful scenery of our nature To maintain the ecological balance 4. Insights/ Lessons Learned ? We learned that planting good deeds is like planting trees. What we plant, we reap. The mahogany saplings sown will turn into healthy and shady trees, ensuring timber and clean air for all of us. And when we do kindred and selfless acts, we foster brotherhood, and nurture good will among our fellowmen. Moreover, our lives have and will have more meanings. 5. Recommendation ? I wish to have more time for this activity for us to do more things and help the environment. And also we would want to do this activity in other places so we would return the better environment we had ever before. Submitted by:Noted by: ENG-107Mr Frederick Andal Sydney D. Bajenting ENG-101N Ang kabataan noon at ngayon Ang kabataan noon at ngayonay may maliit lamang na puwang sa kanilang pagkakalayo sa kilos, gawi, ugali, pananamit, damdamin at iba pang bagay. Sinasabing ang mga kabataan noon ay higit na magalang, masunurin at mabait di-tulad ng mga kabataan ngayon. Lubhang taimtim sa puso’t isipan nila ang kanilang ginagawa; sa kabilang dako, ang kabataan ngayon ay may mapagwalang-bahalang saloobin. Lalong masinop sa pag-aayos ng katawan at pananamit at lubhang matapat sa pagsunod sa batas ang mga kabataan noon, kaya wika nga, ang kabataan noon ay hubog sa pangaral at kababaang- loob at ang asal ay ipinagmamalaki ng lahat. Kaiba naman ang mga kabataan ngayon. Mulat  sila  sa makabagong panahon kaya higit na maunlad sa pangangatwiran na kung magkaminsan ay napagkakamalang pagwawalang-galang sa kapwa. Lubhang mapangahas sa mga gawin at mahilig sa maraming uri ng paglilibang. Napakatayog ng mga mithiin nila at higit na maunlad ang tunguhin. Marami rin ang magkasimbat at magkasinsipag sa mga kabataan noon at ngayon. Ang kabataan noon at ngayon ay pag-asa ng bayan natin. Kapwa  sila  makabayan, mapagmahal, matulungin sa mga kaangkan at may mga mithiin a  buhay. Ang pagkakaiba ay ayon sa lakad ng panahon. Hindi ba’t mayroon tayong â€Å"Sampung Lider na mga Kabataan† na pinipili taun-taon? Sila  ang saksi sa ating pinakamahuhusay na kabataan noon at ngayon. Yun lamang po at maraming salamat sa inyong paglalaan ng konting oras muli maraming salamat at magandang umaga. Read the original from:  Talumpati: Ang Kabataan Noon at Ngayon  http://thedailyblend. net/talumpati-ang-kabataan-noon-at-ngayon-1729. html#ixzz2Ntf3YM3x   Under Creative Commons License:  Attribution

Strategy Development in the Global Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry Essay

Strategy Development in the Global Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry - Essay Example However, with the passage of time, the company realised that they had to compete with other companies in the global arena. Oil companies such as Exxon were giving Shell a run for their money because they were globally managed. In order to respond to this trend, the company opted to change its corporate governance style. They opted to control almost all their downstream sectors through their headquarters in London and The Hague. (Shell, 2008) Corporate governance within Shell had been carried down from almost a century of its existence. In certain scenarios, some critics have argued that this form of structure has cost the company in a number of ways. This is largely because shareholders in the company do not have as much clout as members of the board. The disadvantage of this structural approach can arise when the shareholders feel that their rights are in danger but can do very little to protect it. Bp has been faced with a number of corporate governance challenges. First and foremost, the company grappled with accusations from critics who claimed that it was doing business with a group that had been responsible for human rights abuses in the Baku Ceyhan pipeline. To add insult onto injury, BP was also faced with huge problems in its pricing strategies. This was especially seen in the United Kingdom. In Colombia, the Company was confronted with a law suit where it had been accused of colluding with terrorists to protect their clients. It lost millions of pounds in paying off that settlement. This goes to show that when companies make miscalculations and fail to implement ethical codes, they are the ones who pay for it through expensive law suits and tarnished images. Business ethics Companies need to have specified code of conduct and ethics principles that will guide their day to day practices. Shell as a company has well written down rules that assist employees in sticking to the company's goals and principles. Some of these codes of conduct include; honesty, trust and integrity. While stakeholders and employees may be well aware of rules, abiding by them is another issue altogether. (Zenobank, 2008) The enormity of this matter came to fore during the 2004 business ethics disaster; at that time, the company announced that twenty percent of all the oil reserves that it claims to have a hold to were overestimated. The revelation of such a matter brought shock waves within the Oil trading sector and even resulted in the company's poor performance. In response to this issue, the company changed its leadership structures. This business dismissed its managing Director - Sir Philip Watts and also changed their management structures. Besides this, the company also responded by providing opportunities for whistle blowers to report any irregularities through an official company website. (Beasnat & Cummins, 2005) BP also has a valid code of ethics and its company purports to a sound code of conduct. However, much like its counterpart Shell, the company seems to have fallen short of these high expectations. An example of how the company did this was when it hired an expensive public relations manager to create an Image of an

Analyzing the development of a web portal within an education setting Essay

Analyzing the development of a web portal within an education setting - Essay Example The purpose of the study The Internet has a profound effect on higher learning, and this effect is likely to develop in the current generation (Becker, 2005). Actually, in some aspects the internet is the current generation of instructors just as personal computers were in the previous generation. As a result, "web knowledge† will gradually become an ordinary tool of the exchange, and instructive web sites will develop to regular additions to classroom events (Becker, 2005). One of the improved ways to remain up to date with the development of education is to come up with a learning web site to present learners with the education syllabus and teaching learning resources (Becker, 2005). One benefit of publishing syllabi, as well as other learning resources on the web is that learners have all the time to access the resources (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). In addition, teachers can put review questions on web pages containing information on class assignments, study tips, gradi ng, among others (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). By printing these resources and information on the site, teachers avoid repetition of questions all through the academic period (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). Therefore, this study aims at analyzing the development of a web portal within an education setting (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002).... Documents presented on the portal areas usually updated in libraries available with current research findings. Finally, simulation of real life is also presented to the learners through the web portal (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). A web portal gives information that is assorted in a combined manner. These are sites of information, which developed during 1990s and in 2000 (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). A web portal operates just like an investigator or explore engine, however, this portal has several features or purpose than the search device itself (Becker, 2005). A web portal, provides information a researcher wants to discover or search, as well as certified web portal. Apart from this, it also provides email internet services, entertainment cites to the users (Cappel and Huang, 2007). This portal can be defined as a website that presents reports together from different sources in an even manner. Normally, every information port acquires its dedicated part on for presenting information. Usually the researcher can figure out which presentation is important to search (Palmer, 2002). Web portals can be classified in to group’s horizontal and vertical web portals. The horizontal portal is usually used in several companies as a platform in economic issues or manufacturing issues. The vertical portal is a specific entry point for markets a given subject or a given interests. Therefore, the horizontal portal covers several areas, while the vertical portal covers specific areas (Pang, et al., 2009). The web portal has the following major functions; search, navigate, provides information or manages content, personalization, push technology, management of tasks, conducts the integration of applications and organizes business infrastructure (Pearson and